Political parties serve as a linkage institution between people and the government or centralized authority women's health center fredericksburg va buy 5 mg aygestin free shipping. Political parties help with issue identification menopause fever aygestin 5mg without prescription, providing the means of gaining access to the government menstruation on depo provera order aygestin 5mg overnight delivery, and offering a way for people to influence public policy pregnancy nausea remedies generic 5 mg aygestin otc. Often partisan affiliations of leaders and branches of government give a basis for cooperation in formulating public policy breast cancer yati bahar blogspot aygestin 5mg for sale. The working relationship between federal and state / local government officials is also facilitated by political parties menstrual 28 day cycle calendar cheap aygestin 5mg on line. Political parties help to mobilize and educate voters, frame issues, create party platforms, manage campaigns for office, raise funds for election campaigns, and develop a media strategy to help educate voters and win elections. Modern American political parties become weaker and less important to the average voter Today more Americans begin to identify themselves as independent and engage in split ticket voting. American and European political parties are fundamentally different in a number of key areas. European parties are disciplined gatekeepers that cultivate candidates internally and foster strong bonds between party members. In America, candidates normally run campaigns independently from the national party. In America, it is not uncommon for a candidate for office to distance themselves from the positions / agenda of the national party. In Europe, elected officials are expected to vote and act together with members of the party. Political parties in the United States are relatively unimportant in the daily lives of Americans. Party identify is usually separate from other aspects of life such as socio-economic status or occupation. American federalism plays a large role in making national parties little more than coalitions of local parties. Because of primaries and caucuses, the American electorate picks political party candidates - not by party leadership. Parliamentary democracies, with a unified legislative and executive branch, allow winning parties to enact policies and agendas that are not usually often possible in the United States due the separation of powers and checks and balances. American political parties do not have a significant influence in the daily life of the American voter. The Framers believed that political parties were "factions" and would pursue self-serving ends at the expense of the nation. The populist candidacy of Andrew Jackson and the birth of the modern Democratic Party in the 1830s transformed political participation into a mass phenomenon with the abandonment of the presidential caucus composed of members of Congress. The modern Republican Party came to prominence over issues of slavery and sectionalism in pre-Civil War America as the Whig Party collapsed due to sectional infighting. Reforms had a two-fold effect: corruption was greatly reduced but so to the power of political parties. The decline of party identification is evident today with an ever-growing number of citizens identifying themselves as Independents instead of either Democrats or Republicans. Critical or realigning period occurs when a sharp, last shift occurs in the popular coalition supporting one or both parties. Some political scientists claim that another realignment occurred when the Dixiecrats switch allegiance from the Democratic Party to the Republicans in the aftermath of the Civil Rights movement. Modern American political parties appear to be on the decline and are not simply realigning. A growing number of Millennials see little difference between the Democratic and Republican parties. The primary jobs of both the national Democratic and Republican parties including calling the national party convention to nominate a candidate, represent the party in the media, and to raise money. The National Convention has the ultimate power; it meets every four years to nominate presidential candidates. Both parties use the primary and caucus when it comes time to select a candidate for office. These delegates may select a candidate who is unacceptable to a more moderate electorate. This category of delegate was created in the hopes of prevent a fringe or radical candidate from capturing the presidential nomination of the party. A Political Machine is a party organization that recruits members via tangible incentives (money, jobs, political favors). The Hatch Act of 1939 substantially weakened the political parties by compelling government employees to abstain from any active part of a political campaign. For ideological parties, principle is more important than winning elections; these groups are often contentious and factionalized. Reform based parties, such as the Progressives, were eventually replaced by movements in the 1960s and 70s. Partisan identification provides a consistent worldview for the voter that shapes his or her attitudes and behaviors. The two-party system continues to endure because of the winner-take-all and plurality system, the two broad coalitions generally work, states make it nearly impossible for third parties to get on the ballot, and the inability of third parties to raise sufficient funds to compete against the Democrats and Republicans. Both microtargeting and datamining allows political parties to narrowly focus on various subgroups that make up their base. Economic Protest Parties are normally regional and focus exclusives on a set of economic conditions. Issues and positions of minor parties are often co-opted by the two larger, umbrella parties. However, the desire to keep dissidents in the party happy sometimes forces a compromise with more extreme views. Rank-and-file Democrats and Republicans differ on a variety issues, but the differences are usually small. Rank the five types according to whether they can: 1) Introduce needed political reforms, 2) Successfully assemble enough power to govern effectively, 3) Induce a broad cross section of society to participate, 4) Avoid corruption, 5) Give the voters a reasonable choice of policy-makers and policies, 6) Allow the voters to hold politicians responsible for the success or failure of their policies, 7) Rejuvenate the political process by allowing outsiders in. Are some types of parties more likely to be stronger and more electorally successful than others Under what circumstances should each type of party, with its virtues and disadvantages, be established For example, David Duke-a former grand wizard of the Ku Klux Klan-entered the Louisiana legislature as a Republican despite radio broadcasts by President Reagan calling for his defeat. The authors contend the Democratic Party has failed to fully harness this untapped power to maximize their electoral advantage. That polarization has divided Washington, and the nation, into hostile, even irreconcilable camps. What will be the long-term ramification of hyper partisanship on the two major parties In the United States the coalition is formed before an election, in the makeup of political parties. In European multiparty systems the coalition is formed after the election, when a political leader bargains for the support of other parties to form a voting coalition of a majority of seats in parliament. What difference might it make whether the coalition is together before or after the election Which most effectively allows citizens to hold politicians account for what they do What would a voter who found the Democrats insufficiently liberal have gained by voting for a presidential candidate such as Democrat Eugene McCarthy, who ran as an independent in 1976 Would this reasoning apply to the presidential elections of 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, and 2016 Have we become too diverse, too different in our worldviews and attitudes that we choose to self-segregate to be around affirming likeminded individuals rather than interacting with those who may be ideologically different Despite the moderate predisposition of this demographic, both political parties seem unwilling to embrace moderate candidates to attract these voters consistently. Instead, the pathway to the nomination is often playing to the extremes of the ideological spectrum. Speculate what role the presidential primary / caucus systems has had on this neglect of the moderate voter. These include direct primaries, general elections, special election, and ballot issues. Political parties and state governments choose to use primary elections to determine who will represent the party in the general election. A closed primary limits participation to registered party members of a given state. An open primary is open to all registered voters regardless of their party affiliation. In some states, if no candidate receives a majority of the vote than a second primary is held between the two top voter getters. Not all states use primary elections to select their candidates or follow the exact same rules. The first (and most famous) caucus in the presidential race takes place in Iowa once every four years. The winners of the parties primary system than compete against each other in the general elections. General elections (bi-annual federal elections) are regularly scheduled election at all levels of government to determine control of the government. The mid-term or off year election usually generates less interest and less turn out (except for the party base). In partisan elections, candidates represent a specific political party (Democrats, Republicans, Green, etc. A special election is called before a regularly scheduled election to an unexpected office vacancy usually caused by death, removal from office, or resignation. Ballot issues are issues that appear on the ballot for voter approval or rejection. There are three basic types of ballot issues: initiatives, referendums, and recalls. Recalls allow voters to demand a new election for a public office before the term of office of the current occupant is up. There is more voter participation in presidential campaigns; candidates must work harder than congressional candidates since they are national campaigns and usually more competitive than congressional races. Presidential coattails have diminished; congressional elections are substantially independent of the presidential election. When comparing and contrasting presidential and congressional campaigns there are several key differences: (1) Presidential elections tend to produce a significantly higher turnout than congressional races, (2) Motivated and partisan voters (the "base") tend to play a critical role in determining the winners in congressional (off-year) elections (3) Members of Congress can do things for their constituents that the president cannot ("bringing home the bacon" & constituent services), (4) Members of Congress can run as individuals, distancing themselves from "the mess in Washington"; the president cannot, and (5) Congressional elections are now substantially independent of the presidential election ("all politics / elections are local"). Potential candidates may drop hints to reporters "off the record" that they are considering a run. A governor or a member of Congress may try to have their name identify with a major piece of legislation to gain name recognition. In addition to the large commitment of time required to run for office, individuals are also faced with the daunting challenge of raising sufficient funds in order to be competitive. Media consultants, polling firms and political technology firms, perform many campaign tasks today. In Congressional elections, all the money for campaigns comes from private sources. As of 2018, the maximum amount a citizen may contribute to a candidate directly is $2700. Candidates must raise $5000 in twenty states in individual contributions of $250 or less to qualify for federal matching grants to pay for primary campaigns. Common strategies and themes emerge from presidential campaigns: Incumbents defend their record; challengers attack incumbents, setting a tone for a race (positive or negative), developing a theme. Congressional races provide incumbents with extraordinary advantages compared to incumbent presidents. Some of these advantages is delivering constituent services, "bringing home the bacon" (getting federal funds into the district), name recognition, and amassing a "war chest" of funds for reelection (since all money is private; no public funds exist for congressional races). Two enduring problems have characterized congressional electoral politics: Malapportionment (districts have very different populations, so the votes in the less populated district "weigh more" than do those in the more-populated district) and Gerrymandering (boundaries are drawn to favor one party rather than another, resulting in odd-shaped districts). In contrast, the British parliament has 650 members but only a fraction of the total population of the United States, (2) House seat are reapportioned every ten years to reflect population shifts. Since every state is constitutionally guaranteed at least one House seat regardless of population, small, rural states are overrepresented compared to their actual population, (3) Since House members serve short terms (two-years) there is a constant pressure to raise funds and deliver services instead legislating national concerns, (4) Incumbents almost always win; most House races are non-competitive, (5) Personalized campaigns offer members independence from the party in Congress. Party loyalty is not nearly as strong since candidates essentially run their own races with primarily their own funds.
The Keystone Forum on away-from home foods: Opportunities for preventing weight gain and obesity pregnancy ovulation calendar cheap 5 mg aygestin otc. Recommended community strategies and measurements to prevent obesity in the United States womens health of blairsville aygestin 5 mg amex. Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention: Solving the Weight of the Nation Lee menstrual vaginal discharge order aygestin 5mg with mastercard, V menopause 2012 generic aygestin 5 mg line. Strategies for enhancing the built environment to support healthy eating and active living environments women's health issues news aygestin 5mg fast delivery. Shaping a healthier generation: Successful state strategies to prevent childhood obesity menstrual issues buy aygestin 5mg free shipping. Action strategies toolkit: A guide for local and state leaders working to create healthy communities and prevent childhood obesity. Each recommendation, strategy, and action step has positive acceleration potential, but the committee is recommending that the simultaneous implementation of these recommendations by key stakeholders and sectors will create combined impacts (or "synergies") that can further accelerate progress in preventing obesity. Strategy 1-1: Enhance the Physical and Built Environment Communities, organizations, community planners, and public health professionals should encourage physical activity by enhancing the physical and built environment, rethinking community design, and ensuring access to places for such activity. Strategy 1-3: Adopt Physical Activity Requirements for Licensed Child Care Providers State and local child care and early childhood education regulators should establish requirements for each program to improve its current physical activity standards. Strategy 2-1: Adopt Policies and Implement Practices to Reduce Overconsumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Decision makers in the business community/private sector, in nongovernmental organizations, and at all levels of government should adopt comprehensive strategies to reduce overconsumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. For the business community/private sector, nongovernmental organizations, and governments, potential actions include 1 the business community/private sector includes private employers and privately owned and/or operated locations frequented by the public, such as movie theaters, shopping centers, sporting and entertainment venues, bowling alleys, and other recreational/entertainment facilities. Strategy 2-2: Increase the Availability of Lower-Calorie and Healthier Food and Beverage Options for Children in Restaurants Chain and quick-service restaurants should substantially reduce the number of calories served to children and substantially expand the number of affordable and competitively priced healthier options available for parents to choose from in their facilities. Strategy 2-3: Utilize Strong Nutritional Standards for all Foods and Beverages Sold or Provided Through the Government, and Ensure That these Healthy Options Are Available in All Places Frequented by the Public Government agencies (federal, state, local, and school district) should ensure that all foods and beverages sold or provided through the government are aligned with the age-specific recommendations in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The business community and the private sector operating venues frequented by the public should ensure that a variety of foods and beverages, including those recommended by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, are sold or served at all times. Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention: Solving the Weight of the Nation zoning strategies, grant and loan programs, small business/economic development programs, and other economic incentives. Strategy 3-1: Develop and Support a Sustained, Targeted Physical Activity and Nutrition Social Marketing Program Congress, the Administration, other federal policy makers, and foundations should dedicate substantial funding and support to the development and implementation of a robust and sustained social marketing program on physical activity and nutrition. Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention: Solving the Weight of the Nation physical activity and nutrition, and on both individual behavior change and related environmental change goals; and exploring all forms of marketing, including message placement in popular entertainment, viral and social marketing, and multiplatform advertising-including online, outdoor, radio, television, and print. They should cover foods and beverages marketed to children and adolescents aged 2-17 and should apply to a broad range of marketing and advertising practices, including digital marketing and the use of licensed characters and toy premiums. Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention: Solving the Weight of the Nation standards for marketing to this age group to ensure that such standards are implemented. Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention: Solving the Weight of the Nation maintain a healthy weight, avoid obesity-related complications, and reduce the psychosocial consequences of obesity. Strategy 4-2: Ensure Coverage of, Access to , and Incentives for Routine Obesity Prevention, Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment Insurers (both public and private) should ensure that health insurance coverage and access provisions address obesity prevention, screening, diagnosis, and treatment. Strategy 4-4: Encourage Healthy Weight Gain During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding, and Promote Breastfeeding-Friendly Environments Health service providers and employers should adopt, implement, and monitor policies that support healthy weight gain during pregnancy and the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding. Strategy 5-1: Require Quality Physical Education and Opportunities for Physical Activity in Schools Through support from federal and state governments, state and local education agencies and local school districts should ensure that all students in grades K-12 have adequate opportunities to engage in 60 minutes of physical activity per school day. Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention: Solving the Weight of the Nation Strategy 5-2: Ensure Strong Nutritional Standards for All Foods and Beverages Sold or Provided Through Schools All government agencies (federal, state, local, and school district) providing foods and beverages to children and adolescents have a responsibility to provide those in their care with foods and beverages that promote health and learning. Strategy 5-3: Ensure Food Literacy, Including Skill Development, in Schools Through leadership and guidance from federal and state governments, state and local education agencies should ensure the implementation and monitoring of sequential food literacy and nutrition science education, spanning grades K-12, based on the food and nutrition recommendations in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Examination of front-of-package nutrition rating systems and symbols: Promoting healthier choices. Identify key food and beverage marketing approaches that can accelerate progress in preventing obesity. Hear first-hand accounts from state and local governments and community organizations that have developed and implemented obesity prevention initiatives. Explore the successes, failures, and challenges that groups and individuals have encountered in their efforts. Gain insights that may be useful in selecting recommendations to accelerate progress in obesity prevention. Explore and understand the ways that measurement techniques, strategies, and data sources can impede and or promote acceleration of progress toward prevention of obesity. Understand what additional knowledge regarding assessments of environments and policies is needed to measure progress of obesity prevention. Learn about the current policy and political context surrounding farm and food policies. Explore stakeholder perspectives on the role of agricultural policy and practices and food manufacturer and retailer decision making in obesity prevention. Gain insights that may be useful in determining committee recommendations on accelerating progress in obesity prevention. Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention: Solving the Weight of the Nation E Committee Member Biographical Sketches Daniel R. He also served as chairman of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention: Solving the Weight of the Nation of the Center on Communication, Leadership, and Policy at the Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism at the University of Southern California. Greenwood was professor of nutrition and internal medicine, chair of the Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology, and director of the Foods for Health Initiative at the University of California, Davis. She served as chancellor of the University of California, Santa Cruz, from 1996 to 2004, and University of California provost and senior vice president for academic affairs. Greenwood was dean of graduate studies, vice provost of academic outreach, and professor of biology and internal medicine at the University of California, Davis. From 1993 to 1995, she served as associate director for science at the Office of Science and Technology Policy in the Executive Office of the President of the United States. Greenwood is the author of numerous scientific publications in the areas of nutrition, obesity, and diabetes. She is past president and fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, fellow of the American Academies of Arts and Sciences, and past president of the North American Association for the Study of Obesity. From 2008 to 2010, he served as director of the Institute of Politics at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard. Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention: Solving the Weight of the Nation elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives, where he served for five terms, holding the positions of majority leader and chair of the Select Committee on Children and Youth. Purcell founded and became director of the Child and Family Policy Center at the Vanderbilt Institute of Public Policy Studies. Agency for International Development, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and the Overseas Private Investment Corporation. Britt has been engaged in consulting and leadership development for nonprofit organizations. Her research interests focus on examining the impact of law and policy on community and school environments, as well as individual behaviors and attitudes. Her current research focuses heavily on sugarsweetened beverage taxation, school district wellness policies, and community policies related to the physical activity and food environments. Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention: Solving the Weight of the Nation research grants. She serves on numerous obesity-related advisory and expert panels and is widely called upon for her expertise in obesity policy-related issues. Chriqui served as technical vice-president of the Center for Health Policy and Legislative Analysis at the MayaTech Corporation and, previously, as a policy analyst at the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Crawford has served on a number of advisory committees, including the California Legislative Task Force on Diabetes and Obesity. Her current studies include evaluations of large communitybased obesity initiatives and school-based policy interventions. Her research focuses on the interactions among exercise, diet, and body composition. Her translational research includes theory-based obesity prevention interventions with ethnically and socioeconomically diverse children, adolescents, and their families in urban and rural communities across the United States. Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention: Solving the Weight of the Nation targeted behavior change in children through community-based, environmental change in a low-income, racially/ethnically diverse population. Economos has held positions in public health nutrition, including at the Massachusetts Department of Public Health. She was a consultant on the Youth Subcommittee for the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans and is a member of the Public Policy Committee of the American Society for Nutrition. The clinic is part of the Division of General Pediatrics, which cares for children from infancy to young adulthood and uses a multidisciplinary, family-based approach to obesity. Hassink is now director of the Nemours Obesity Initiative and works both in the clinical division treating obese pediatric patients and in Nemours Health and Prevention Services. She has served as clinical consultant for the Primary Care Quality Collaborative on childhood obesity and has helped develop obesity-related policy at the community and state levels. Hassink has collaborated in basic research efforts to identify pathophysiologic mechanisms of obesity, centering on the role of leptin, and has lectured widely in the field of pediatric obesity. In addition to her other responsibilities, she currently chairs the ethics committee at Alfred I. Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention: Solving the Weight of the Nation Public Health Department for Alameda County (Oakland, California), beginning in 2003. Iton also served for 3 years as director of health and human services and school medical advisor for the City of Stamford, Connecticut. He also has served as a primary care physician for the San Francisco Department of Public Health. Kelder has authored or co-authored numerous scientific papers and book chapters over the past 15 years covering topics related to the design and analysis of epidemiological studies and health promotion interventions. He teaches graduate courses in epidemiology, social and behavioral aspects of behavior change, community nutrition education, epidemiology of child and adolescent health, and obesity and public health. Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention: Solving the Weight of the Nation Austin, College of Education. Kohl is also faculty at the Michael & Susan Dell Center for the Advancement of Healthy Living in Austin. He is founder and director of the University of Texas Physical Activity Epidemiology Program, where he is responsible for student training, research, and community service related to physical activity and public health. His research focuses on the specific area of epidemiology related to physical inactivity and obesity, in adults but also in children. Kohl also studies the effect of the built environment on physical activity and is currently researching a planned development that implements "smart growth" techniques designed to support physically active lifestyles.
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