A noncase was any person who participated in the meeting and had negative test results for T medicine prices 4.5mg exelon with visa. We also conducted a 1:3 casecontrol study (11 case-patients and 34 controls matched by sex and age) that included patients with laboratory confirmed cases from Barcarena symptoms influenza cheap exelon 4.5mg visa. This interval was based on date of symptom onset of the first and last case-patient and a reported incubation period of 322 days for orally transmitted disease symptoms mold exposure discount exelon 1.5 mg without prescription. Controls were age- and sex-matched residents of case-patient neighborhoods who had negative serologic results for T 5 medications post mi buy generic exelon 6mg line. Parasitologic examinations were conducted for casepatients by using quantitative buffy coat test medications ok for dogs buy 1.5 mg exelon amex, thick blood smear symptoms 8 months pregnant order 6mg exelon, or buffy coat test (the latter 2 tests included Giemsa staining). We conducted an entomologic investigation during December 1116, 2006, at the homes of 5 case-patients and in forested areas near the homes of 2 case-patients; at 653 C hagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) chronically infects 10 million persons in Latin America (1). The etiologic agent is Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted by bloodsucking triatomine insects. Other modes of transmission are transfusional, congenital, and oral (foodborne) (2). Oral transmission occurs by consumption of foods contaminated with triatomines or their feces or by consumption of raw meat from infected mammalian sylvatic hosts (3). The first outbreak of orally transmitted Chagas disease in Brazil was reported in 1965 (4). In these outbreaks, the incubation period was 22 days, compared with 415 days for vectorial transmission and 3040 days for transfusional transmission (7). The first Amazonian outbreak of acute Chagas disease was reported in 1968; oral transmission was suspected (8). During 19682005, a total of 437 cases of acute Chagas disease were reported in this region. Of these cases, 311 were related to 62 outbreaks in which the suspected mode of transmission was consumption of aзaн (9). Aзaн is the fruit of a palm of the family Aracaceae (Figure 1, panel A); it is crushed to produce a paste or beverage. C) Epidemic curve for 11 case-patients with acute Chagas disease, Barcarena, Brazil, SeptemberOctober 2006. We applied an insect-displacing compound (piridine; Pirisa, Taquara, Brazil) to the interior and exterior of buildings at investigation sites and placed traps (13) to obtain triatomines. We measured relative risk in the cohort study and matched odds ratios in the matched casecontrol study, with 95% confidence intervals and = 5%. Fisher exact, McNemar, Mantel-Haenszel, and Kruskall-Wallis tests were used as needed. Eight (73%) patients resided in urban areas, 7 (64%) in brick dwellings, and 3 (27%) in mixed brick and wooden dwellings. All patients denied having had blood transfusions or organ transplants, having slept in rural or sylvatic areas, and having been bitten by triatomines. Main signs and symptoms were fever, weakness, facial edema, myalgia, arthralgia, and peripheral edema (Table 1). No deaths occurred, and median time from symptom onset to treatment initiation was 22 days. Exposures associated with infection were consumption of thick aзaн paste and drinking aзaн juice at the health post; consumption of chilled aзaн was protective (Table 2). Among exposures tested, drinking aзaн juice on September 15 and at the health post were significantly associated with illness (p<0. No triatomine insects were identified at any sites of the entomologic investigation. Signs and symptoms in 11 patients with laboratoryconfirmed acute Chagas disease, Barcarena, Brazil, 2006 Sign or symptom No. Trypanosoma cruzi (arrow) in a peripheral blood smear of a patient at a local health facility in a rural area of Parб State, Brazil (Giemsa stain, magnification Ч100). Food exposures in a cohort study of 5 case-patients with acute Chagas disease, Barcarena, Brazil, 2006* Exposure Ill, no. Oral transmission of this disease in the Amazon region has been reported since the 1960s. Aзaн has long been the principal suspected food vehicle, but characteristics of outbreaks, small groups with universal exposure and high attack rates, have precluded epidemiologic implication of this food. There are no reports of timely collection of aзaн for laboratory testing in an outbreak. In this outbreak, vectorborne, transfusional, transplant-associated, and transplacental transmission were excluded. Incubation periods of cohort case-patients were compatible with those of previous reports. A shared meal was the only event linking case-patients, and cohort and casecontrol studies demonstrated an association between aзaн consumption at this meal and infection. These findings indicate an outbreak of orally transmitted disease from contaminated aзaн. Limitations of this study are possible recall bias caused by delay between illness and investigation and failure to collect food samples for testing. Because aзaн is a major dietary component in the Amazon region and a component of the local economy, identifying practical prevention measures is essential. Ms Nуbrega is supervisor of the Field Epidemiology Training Program of the Brazilian Ministry of Health in Brasнlia, Brazil. Her research interests include the epidemiology of infectious diseases and outbreak investigations. Notas sobre o Trypanosoma cruzi e suas caracterнsticas bioecolуgicas, como agente de enfermidades transmitidas por alimentos. Epidemic outbreak of Chagas disease probably due to oral contamination [in Portuguese]. In: Abstracts of the 56th Meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene; 2007 Nov 48; Philadelphia. Doenзa de Chagas aguda: manual prбtico de subsнdio а notificaзгo obrigatуria no Sinan. Brasнlia: Ministйrio da Saъde, Sistema de Informaзгo de Agravos de Notificaзгo (Sinan); 2004. Washington: Organizacion Panamericana de La Salud/Organizacion Mundial de La Salud; 2006. Severe disease in humans may result from poor host adaptation to neotropical zoonotic strains of T. F rench Guiana is a French territory in South America; the Amazon rain forest covers 92% of the territory. The Cases Until 1998, only 2 cases of severe primary toxoplasmosis had been reported in French Guiana, in 1992 (1) and 1997 (2). All patients had elevated and prolonged fever; most had weight loss, hepatic cytolysis, lymphadenopathy, headache, and pneumopathy. Other signs such as rash, retinochoroiditis, myocarditis, myositis, and neurologic disorders, may occur with toxoplasmosis, albeit infrequently. Prognosis is linked to lung involvement, which typically occurs 1015 days after onset of fever and requires hospitalization. Approximately one third of patients with this severe form of Author affiliations: Universitй des Antilles et de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana (B. Unless specific treatment (sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine) is initiated quickly, death may occur. Most patients reported forest-related activities such as ingestion of surface water, consumption of undercooked game meat, and hunting. We recently described an outbreak of toxoplasmosis from late December 2003 through mid January 2004 involving 11 cases among the 38 inhabitants of a village in Suriname near the French Guiana border (6). Using 8 microsatellite markers with a high power of discrimination, we described a unique multilocus genotype for 5 patients and demonstrated that only 1 strain was responsible for this outbreak (in at least 5 of 11 patients). However, the same strain was responsible for different clinical outcomes in each of the 11 patients: 2 cases were congenital and lethal, 9 cases occurred in immunocompetent adults (5 patients, 1 of whom died, had disseminated toxoplasmosis and needed hospitalization; and 4 had less severe disease with no lifethreatening signs or need for hospitalization). Genetic susceptibility of the host to this unusually severe form of toxoplasmosis may explain in part the severity of symptoms, although we observed this disease in the different ethnic groups of French Guiana (Caucasians from inland France, Creoles, Amerindians, Bushinengй, and Brazilians). Conclusions Such a severe outcome in humans may be explained by poor host adaptation to emerging and highly virulent strains of T. The high seroprevalence for noncarnivorous wild mammals in French Guiana, especially terrestrial animals such as deer, armadillos, pacas, and peccaries (7), suggests oral exposure to oocysts eliminated by wild felids in the absence of domestic cats (8). Isolation of 1 genetically atypical Toxoplasma strain in a free-living jaguar (Panthera onca) is a further argument for the existence of a T. Transmission cycle of highly virulent strains of Toxoplasma gondii involving wild felids (definitive hosts) and their prey (intermediate hosts). In the neotropical rain forest, fauna are abundant and highly diverse; 560 species of mammals have been recorded (11). Both cycles, wild and domestic, can even merge with the anthropization of the Amazonian forest. Recent studies that used multiple markers and collected samples from other countries have shown that, at least in the tropical part of South America, T. Few data concerning the genetic diversity and population structure of this parasite are available in Africa (14) and Asia (15). Amazonian areas, and likely other rain forest areas where felids live, could be affected by this form of toxoplasmosis, which could be designated "Amazonian toxoplasmosis" or "wild rain forest toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasma gondпiassociated Guillain-Barrй syndrome in an immunocompetent patient. Severe acquired toxoplasmoses in immunocompetent adults requiring intensive care management in French Guiana. In: Abstracts of the Toxoplasma Centennial Congress; 2008 Sep 2124; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Fatal outbreak of human toxoplasmosis along Maroni River: epidemiological, clinical and parasitological aspects. Serologic survey for Toxoplasma gondii in noncarnivorous free-ranging mammals from French Guiana. Ecological correlates of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in wild neotropical mammals. Atypical Toxoplasma gondii strain from a free-living jaguar (Panthera onca) in French Guiana. Toxoplasma gondii comprises three clonal lineages: correlation of parasite genotype with human disease. Genotyping studies of Toxoplasma gondпi isolates from Africa revealed that the archetypal clonal lineages predominate as in North America and Europe. Genetic and biologic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates of cats from China. Olson, Ronald Gangnon, Eric Elguero, Laurent Durieux, Jean-Franзois Guйgan, Jonathan A. Patz Climate changes are altering patterns of temperature and precipitation, potentially affecting regions of malaria transmission. We show that areas of the Amazon Basin with few wetlands show a variable relationship between precipitation and malaria, while areas with extensive wetlands show a negative relationship with malaria incidence. G lobal models of malaria can be used to forecast the impact of climate change on malaria, a highly climatesensitive disease that causes >1 million deaths worldwide each year, mostly in children. However, a limitation of these models is the application of a uniform malariaprecipitation relationship to geographically diverse regions (13). Moreover, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment has recognized a lack of knowledge about climate-sensitive diseases such as malaria and has called for a "more systematic inventory, by region and country, of current and likely population health impacts of ecosystem change" (4). Understanding malariaprecipitation relationships at regional levels will enhance predictability of ecosystem or climate change impact on population health. Precipitation and surface hydrology are key factors in determining the abundance of Anopheles mosquito vectors for malaria. Mosquitoes require pools of water to complete their life cycle, and malaria models have estimated changing transmission by setting minimum levels of precipitation below which mosquito populations are (theoretically) suppressed. However, using a uniform hydrologic threshold for malaria does not capture critical characteristics of landscape, soil, and rainfall. These observations establish that biting rates are elevated in regions of elevated malaria risk. Likewise, biting rates correlate with abundance of larvae and larval habitats and proximity of humans to larval habitats (7,8). Local observations demonstrate the existence of different seasonal patterns for malaria. In a 3-year study in Roraima, 8 municipalities showed increased risk for malaria during the middle of the dry season or shortly after the wet season (9). Other literature on seasonal patterns is limited to local and short (<3 years) longitudinal studies that lack statistical analysis. Although different seasonal patterns emerge in graphs, the collage of different data sources makes formulating a cohesive picture of these patterns in the Amazon region difficult. At the regional level, interannual climatologic cycles provide insight into low-frequency malaria patterns. In Columbia, El Niсo events (caused by warming sea surface temperatures in the central tropical Pacific) are associated with warmer temperatures, higher dew points, and less precipitation and river discharge. These climate changes have been associated with increases in malaria during the second half of El Niсo years and during the following year (10). Similarly, malaria incidence has increased during the year after an El Niсo event in Venezuela and Guyana (11).
Present concepts concerning etiology and treatment of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis medications hair loss buy exelon 4.5 mg low cost. Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis-A review of diagnosis symptoms of hiv generic 3mg exelon mastercard, etiology and treatment medications used to treat schizophrenia buy exelon 1.5mg with amex. Electron microscopic observations on the bacterial flora of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis symptoms 5 weeks 3 days discount 4.5mg exelon fast delivery. The relationship of 17-hydroxycorticosteroid to acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis symptoms 4 days after conception order exelon 6mg with mastercard. Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis in the army: Incidence medicine 81 exelon 3mg sale, communicability and treatment. They are generally asymptomatic, although there is some degree of buccal or lingual plate expansion. The majority occur in the mandibular caninepremolar region and are associated with vital teeth. Radiographically, they present as a well-defined, solitary radiolucency associated with the lateral aspect of a tooth root and are round or tear drop in shape. The epithelium often has areas of focal thickening (plaques) which may be interspersed with glycogen-rich clear-cells. Gingival Cyst: Found within the gingiva, most commonly in the mandibular canine-premolar region. They reported cystic degeneration of the dental lamina as early as 10 weeks in utero and rapid cystic proliferation and growth in 15 to 20 week embryos during the bell stage of tooth development. It commonly occurs between the fifth and sixth decades in the mandibular (73%) canine-premolar area. Periodontal Probing the existence of a pocket implies a history of periodontal disease. While some visual signs of inflammation, such as redness and swelling, are helpful in detecting disease, they are not always present in conjunction with inflammation at the base of the pocket. Van der Velden (1980) noted that 4 to 5 weeks after scaling and root planing, most redness and swelling disappeared, although sites still bled when evaluated by the periodontal pocket bleeding index. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the bottom of the pocket as well as the visual signs of inflammation. Listgarten (1993) emphasized correct terminology when describing periodontal probing in the literature and encouraged use of the terms proposed in the 1989 Proceedings of the World Workshop in Clinical Periodontology (American Academy of Periodontology, 1989). He discounted the term "probing pocket depth," indicating that the true anatomic measurement of the pocket can only be accomplished histologically. A number of variables exist that will affect probing depth measurements, and each must be considered when evaluating results. These variables include: probing reproducibility, probing force, probe angulation, status of gingival health, site location, local anatomy, and type of probe used. Sixty percent (60%) of the measurements were in complete agreement between the first and second measurements before and after surgery. Ninety-five (95) of the surfaces differed by < 1 mm or less and no measurement differed by > 3 mm. Depth of the pocket and location of the probing site did not influence the measurements. Van der Velden and de Vries (1980), in a study involving 102 interproximal pockets in 7 periodontal patients, found no differences in reproducibility of measurements between a pressure-sensitive probe set at 0. The mesio-facial surfaces of the Ramfjord teeth were measured in 15 patients by 3 examiners. With a threshold of probing depth increase > 1 mm, it was determined that an increase could be correctly diagnosed 91. A threshold of > 2 mm led to higher specificity, but with a great reduction in sensitivity. Reproducibility and concomitant examiner error has been reduced with the advent of controlled force probes with computer interfaces such as the Florida probe (Magnusson et al. In a study using condemned teeth, Van der Velden (1979) evaluated the location of the tip of the probe with different probing forces. The authors suggested that one of the difficulties with understanding discrepancies with probing attachment levels in earlier studies may have been due to non-standardized probing forces. The study indicated that higher probing forces will lead to more reproducible readings, but suggest that lighter forces could detect more subtle changes in attachment levels. Probing forces ranged from 5 to 135 grams with no significant differences between any of the examiner groups, although periodontists and hygienists tended to probe with less force than general dentists and students. Probing force was found to be significantly greater in posterior segments than in anterior segments. This implies that clinical and epidemiological studies using line-angle measurements may underestimate pocket depth and the true level of disease. However, the ability of the periodontal probe to accurately measure this distance has been questioned by several studies in which the position of the probe tip was evaluated in healthy and diseased tissues. Human studies such as that by Sivertsen and Burgett (1976) indicated that the periodontal probe routinely penetrated to the coronal level of the connective tissue attachment of untreated periodontal pockets. The authors attributed this to the presence of a zone of completely and partially destructed periodontal fibers which allowed the probe to extend apically to the coronal level of connective tissue attachment. These studies have shown that periodontal probes do not precisely measure and often overestimate the true histologic sulcus, and that inflammation has a significant influence on the degree of probe penetration. These findings are in approximate agreement with earlier work (Magnusson and Listgarten, 1980) which reported 1. A significant correlation was noted between probe tip penetration and amount of tissue inflammation adjacent to the probe. Correlations between gingival index and histologic inflammation and gingival index and, probe penetration were not significant. This suggests that probe penetration is more highly influenced by inflammation at the base of the pocket rather than marginal inflammation. The probe tip did not approximate tissue at the base of the pocket, but penetrated at various levels along the pocket wall. The authors suggest probing the root surface anterior to and posterior to the furcation entrance to more accurately reflect the true pocket depths at furcations. Some examples are: Michigan, Williams, Marquis (round probes); and Goldman-Fox, Dellich, and Nabers (flat probes). Errors in manufacturing of the probes can significantly affect measurements in clinical research settings. The widths of probe markings were important in that painted bands differed by as much as 0. Etched bands had the most accurate width markings while etched grooves were nearly twice as inaccurate. The parallel-sided probe tended to yield deeper probing depths in deeper pockets suggesting that the tapered probe may tend to bind more within the pocket. However, the repeatability was similar for the tapered (81%) and parallel-sided (86%) probes. In addition, when the probe measurements were compared, 89% showed no difference in probing measurement. However, the strength of the epithelial attachment and its ability to resist the probe is not known (De Waal et al. Transgingival probing was identical to surgical measurements 60% of the time and within 1 mm of surgical measurements 90% of the time. Agreement between transgingival probing and surgical measurements was unaffected by tooth type, tooth surface, inflammation, or magnitude of bone loss. Correlations were higher for 30g and 60g measurements when inflammation was present. When sites with intrabony defects were considered, the correlation between transgingival probing and surgical measurements was r = 0. The percent underestimation was 5% for bone sounding, 13% (maxillary) to 14% (mandibular) for periapicals, 17% (maxillary) to 23% (mandibular) for bite-wings and 18% (maxillary) to 24% (mandibular) for panoramic radiographs. Percent image magnification was generally greater in the maxilla and was 8% for periapical films, 9% for bite-wings, and 25% for panoramic radiographs. Leveling is a theory suggesting that a physiologic response takes place to maintain the same level of anatomical attachment throughout a given area. When healthy areas which are adjacent to pathologically deepened sites are disturbed, one may see leveling, or the loss of attachment in the "healthy" sites and gain of attachment in the deepened sites. Comparison of panoramic and intraoral radiography and pocket probing for the measurement of the marginal bone level. Proceedings of the World Workshop in Clinical Periodontology Chicago: the American Academy of Periodontology; 1989. Microscopic evaluation of clinical measurements of connective tissue attachment level. Depth of periodontal probe penetration related to clinical and histologic signs of gingival inflammation. Significance of probing force for evaluation of healing following periodontal therapy. Reproducibility of pocket depth and attachment level measurements when using a flexible splint. Histological evaluation of periodontal probe penetration in untreated facial molar furcations. Effects of line-angle versus midproximal periodontal probing measurements on prevalence estimates of periodontal disease. The relationship between gingival inflammation and resistance to probe penetration. The zone of completely and partially destructed periodontal fibers in pathological pockets. Relationships between alveolar bone levels measured at surgery, estimated by transgingival probing and clinical attachment level measurements. Influence of probing force on the reproducibility of bleeding tendency measurements. Significance of frequency of professional tooth cleaning for healing following periodontal surgery. Instruments that have been used to measure and study tooth mobility include the macroperiodontometer, microperiodontometer, and the Periotest. The macroperiodontometer was developed by Muhlemann (1954); however, its application was limited to the anterior teetn and premolars. Due to the time required to obtain mobility measurements with these instruments, use was essentially limited to research. More recently, the Periotest has provided an objective means of assessing tooth mobility. The instrument is compact, resembling a dental handpiece, and has an electromagnetically retracting tapping head. Contact time upon impact is less in teeth whose damping by the periodontium is greater (more support), and is therefore less mobile. A strong association between the Periotest value and bone loss has been reported (Shulte et al. The Periotest has also been suggested as a means of objectively quantifying bone apposition around dental implants (Teerlinck et al. First, there is an initial or intravascular stage where movement within the socket is associated with redistribution of the fluids, interstitial contents, and fibers. The second stage occurs gradually and includes elastic deformation of the alveolar bone proper in response to increased forces (Muhlemann, 1967). It will vary from tooth-to-tooth and day-to-day and has been defined as movement up to 0. Fremitus is a palpable or visible movement of a tooth when subjected to occlusal forces. Radiographic Interpretation greater than the "critical mass" provides healthy tissue for repair and changes are reversible. The critical mass for molars is located more coronal due to the complications of the furcations. This is an interesting concept and may be useful in assessing the prognosis of periodontally affected teeth. When an experimental periodontitis was initiated, no additional loss of attachment was seen compared to control sides. The authors concluded that the permanently increased mobility had no influence on the development of periodontitis. Perrier and Poison (1982) induced an experimental periodontitis in squirrel monkeys; 10 weeks later, jiggling trauma was imposed for 10 weeks in the presence of good plaque control. Results showed that occlusal trauma in a reduced periodontium caused no additional attachment loss or bone height loss if inflammation was controlled by effective plaque control. The authors reported that shallow sites lost attachment over time but that initially mobile teeth tended to lose more attachment. The 4 to 6 mm sites that were non-mobile initially gained attachment while the 4 to 6 mm sites with 2 and 3 degrees mobility lost some attachment by the second year. All teeth with deep pockets (7 to 12 mm) gained attachment following treatment but mobile teeth (2 and 3 degrees mobility) did not gain attachment. The authors found that abnormal mobilities tended to decrease following the hygienic phase of therapy. Modified Widman flap therapy, scaling and root planing, and curettage had no influence on further mobility while pocket elimination therapy increased mobility after surgery, decreasing to presurgical levels after 1 year. Muhlemann and Rateitschak (1957) examined changes in mobility patterns following selective grinding. After selective grinding, teeth in both hypofunction and hyperfunction became less mobile; these observations were interpreted by the authors as improvement in periodontal health. Gillespie and Chasens (1979) showed that supracrestal fibers do not provide support for a healthy premolar; how- ever, as the amount of bone loss increases and the support decreases, the significance of the support offered by the supracrestal fibers increases.
Production and composition of manure from pigs fattened on sawdust symptoms parkinsons disease order 1.5mg exelon otc, wood shaving or bark-based litter material medicine during pregnancy generic 6mg exelon mastercard. Notes: Original title: Production et composition des fumiers de porcs engraisses sur sciure symptoms of the flu buy cheap exelon 3 mg on-line, copeaux ou ecorce treatment plantar fasciitis buy exelon 6 mg mastercard. Descriptors: bark/ excretion/ finishing/ litter/ pig housing/ pig manure/ sawdust/ straw/ surveys/ wood shavings/ fattening/ piggeries/ sties/ swine housing Abstract: this article provides reference data on the production medicine list order 3 mg exelon free shipping, composition and excretion of manure from pigs fattened in sawdust or other wood waste products as litter in comparison to straw medications via ng tube order exelon 3 mg with mastercard. The survey confirmed that this practice remained marginal and demonstrated the lack of knowledge among pig breeding technicians with regard to the use of sawdust as litter material, which could be due in particular to a very limited amount of references on the subject. There was a very diverse range of practices applied in the use of sawdust as litter, and the absence of a model for production was a major disincentive to the development of this technique. Its advantages in environmental terms could be expected to lead to an increased development in the use of sawdust litter. Building design could be streamlined to enable some of the more unpleasant tasks such as litter maintenance to be mechanized. Pigs of the first 334 Wood Byproducts group were kept on straw-bedded floor, while the second group was kept on sawdust. When compared to pigs kept on deep litter, pigs kept in the convention housing system had higher liveweights, better average daily liveweight gains and better feed conversion during fattening. Pigs kept on deep litter housing had thinner backfat, greater portions of muscular tissue in carcasses and more favourable classification of carcasses to commercial classes than the pigs kept on sawdust and conventional housing. The deep litter housing system also provided better financial results than the conventional housing systems. Promoting microbial immobilization of soil nitrogen during restoration of abandoned agricultural fields by organic additions. N availability and extractable inorganic N concentrations were significantly reduced in all sites. Soil microbial biomass C and microbial biomass N increased significantly following C additions, but the microbial C to microbial N ratio remained unaffected. It is concluded that the combined application of the rapidly utilized C source (sucrose) promoted N immobilization, whereas the addition of the slowly utilized C source (sawdust) maintained the elevated microbial biomass C and microbial biomass N in the field. Properties of livestock feces compost, 1: Effect of bulking agents or the location of piles on chemical properties of dairy cattle and beef cattle feces compost. Descriptors: manure compost/ livestock/ bulking agents/ dairy manure/ beef manure Abstract: We analyzed the application of cattle feces compost for better soil management in Fukuoka prefecture with a view toward determining the chemical properties of compost attributable to different types of cattle and bulking agents. The results were as follows: (1) Phosphorus pentaoxide in beef cattle compost mixed with sawdust (A) was significantly higher than that of dairy cattle compost mixed with sawdust (B). The total carbon in (A) was higher than (B) because most of the bedding was made up of sawdust. Not only was the moisture content of these droppings were higher, but the electric conductivity, potassium oxide and sodium oxide levels were also higher. It seems that the reason for this increase coincides with the larger number of composting facilities in use that mix cattle feces and urine. Thus, we recommend reducing the level of potassium oxide application of cattle compost. Sbornik Jihoceska Univerzita Zemedelska Fakulta, Ceske Budejovice Fytotechnicka Rada 15(2): 73-80. Descriptors: climate/ contamination/ cultivars/ cultural control/ disease resistance/ green manures/ plant disease control/ plant diseases/ plant pathogenic bacteria/ plant pathogens/ plant pathology/ potatoes/ root crops/ sawdust / soil/ soil amendments/ straw/ tubers/ varietal susceptibility/ cultivated varieties / phytopathogens/ phytopathology/ resistance to disease Abstract: Two experimental plots in a region commonly affected by the common potato scab (caused by Streptomyces scabies) were used to assess the effect of sawdust, straw and green manure incorporation in the soil on the degree of tuber infection. The main factors influencing tuber infection were the level of soil contamination by the pathogen, the degree of varietal resistance to the disease, and climatic conditions. Quality of different bedding materials and their influence on the compostability of horse manure. The objective of this trial was to compare both quality of different bedding materials and their influence on the composting process of horse manure. Bedding materials used in the study were wood chips, straw, peat, hemp, linen, sawdust, shredded newspaper and the mixtures, peat/wood chips, peat/sawdust, and peat/straw. Peat and peat mixtures had the best quality of ammonia absorption, water holding, and manure fertilization value. The number of fungi and bacteria were lower in shredded newspaper and wooden materials than in straw, linen, hemp, and peat. The composting temperature became high enough for at least a partial destruction of parasites and seeds within the rubbish heaps in all boxes. Other bedding materials were decomposed only partially or not at all during the study. Quantity and quality of humic acids extracted from sandy soils fertilized with vermicomposts. Descriptors: humic acids/ sawdust/ sandy soils/ fertilization/ vermicomposts Abstract: A significant increase in the amount of produced organic waste made it necessary to work out different methods of their utilization, including the vermicomposting process. Vermicomposts were applied in a pot experiment on two soil materials: weakly loamy sand and heavy loamy sand. After two years of experiment from total amount of carbon introduced into pots taken as 100 percent, in slightly sand there was left 56. The quantity of organic carbon compounds extracted from the soil materials with 0. Rate effects of swine manure fermented with sawdust on efficiency of nitrogen utilization of silage corn and soil fertility. Yook WanBang; Choi DongHo; and Choi KiChun Journal of the Korean Society of Grassland Science 20(2): 123-130. Subplots were the nitrogen fertilizer rate (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg N/ha/year). The nitrogen (N) yield increased as the nitrogen fertilizer rate increased up to a rate of 300 kg N/ha, but decreased at rate of 400 kg N/ha. Rate effects of swine manure fermented with sawdust on productivity and nutritive value of silage corn. Yook WanBang; Choi DongHo; Choi KiChun; An SeongHyun; Yoon SeiHyung; and Lee JongKab Journal of the Korean Society of Grassland Science 20(2): 115-122. The experiment was conducted on the field plot at Gongiam, Kwangju, Kyunggi-Do for 3 years, from 1996 to 1998, and arranged in split-plot design with three replications. Chang ChangTang; Lee ChingHwa; Chiou ChyowShan; and Jeng FuTien Resources, Conservation and Recycling 25(2): 133-150. The lumber sawdust together with seafood processing residue and distillery byproducts, was evaluated within a composting machine as a disposal alternative to the conventional landfill and incineration methods. The addition of seabird manure provides adequate P source for the eventual composting product to be used as an alternative organic fertilizer to conventional chemical fertilizer. Thermophilic bacteria were added to facilitate composting reaction at 70 degrees C. The composting product was further evaluated for effectiveness as organic fertilizer in greenhouse and field studies. The control experiments include soil alone as well as soil with the addition of chemical fertilizer or compost product. The cost analysis indicates that it is economically feasible to yield a useful composting product. Windrows were turned weekly for the first 60 days of composting, covered for four winter months and then turned monthly for six more months. Compost effects on ryegrass biomass and N uptake were evaluated in a greenhouse study. We related compost variables to ryegrass growth and N uptake using regression analysis. All composts maintained high respiration rates during the first 60 days of composting. Relationships between microbial biomass nitrogen, nitrate leaching and nitrogen uptake by corn in a compost and chemical fertilizer-amended Regosol. Replacement of straw by sawdust or wood shavings in fattening pig buildings: Effect on composting of litters. Descriptors: animal housing/ composting/ finishing/ manures/ pig housing/ pig manure/ fattening/ hogs/ piggeries/ sties/ swine/ swine housing Abstract: the effects of different litter compounds (straw, sawdust and wood shavings) on the amount of manure produced per pig and the composting ability of the litter were studied in 2 trials. However, when 70-80 kg of sawdust was used, manure production increased by 5-10% when compared to straw. Weight loss during composting of litter produced with sawdust or wood shavings was -30% while that for straw litter was -45%. Nitrogen and potassium fertilizers were supplied to trees in equal rates in the fertigation treatment, while in the sawdust mulch treatment, 20% more nitrogen was supplied. Data on trunk diameter, yield, fruit size, fruit weight and soil moisture condition were recorded. The influence of soil moisture treatment on yield efficiency (yield per trunk cross-sectional area) depended both on the cultivar and the size of yield. The soil moisture treatments did not influence fruit quality during the threeyear period of cropping. Combining the biofertilizer with either organic or chemical fertilizers led to a marked increase in grain and straw yields compared with their sole effect under different treatments. The greatest N, P, Zn, Fe and Cu contents of grain were achieved when Microbein was combined with elemental sulphur or Nofatrein. Nutrient analysis of leaf and pod of okra given different sawdust ash manure treatments was performed. Sawdust ash applied at 3-12 t/ha increased pod yield of okra, with 9 t sawdust ash/ha being the optimum. Sawdust ash applied at 3, 6 and 9 t/ha increased okra leaf and pod P, K, Ca and Mg contents. Relative to the control, the 2, 4, 6 and 8 t ash/ha treatments increased number of tomato fruits by 109, 226, 265 and 226%, respectively, and the equivalent values for fruit weight were 29, 55, 64 and 57%. Scraping the seed hilum and soaking the seeds in tap water for 24 h recorded a seed germination percentage of approximately 98% before potting. Propagation trials using stem cuttings from various portions of the stem (base, middle and top) planted in different potting media failed to produce shoots. Propagation of gugo by seeds through scraping of hilum is prescribed as the adaptable and appropriate technique for the species. Percent survival in each weaning medium was influenced by genotype and the rooting status of plantlets at the time of excision. Generally, hand hoeing treatment recorded higher number of tested microorganisms in onion rhizosphere as compared to unweeded check, butralin herbicide and applied different plant mulches except clover weed mulch treatments. Application of hand-hoeing (trice), sawdust mulch, rice straw mulch, clover weed mulch, cogon grass mulch and butralin herbicide + one hoeing significantly decreased the total dry weight of weeds at 75 days from transplanting and produced higher bulb yields over unweeded by 143. Response of some tomato cultivars to sawdust compost and nitrogen sources under a calcareous soil condition. All these sources were added at one rate (40 kg/feddan), 35 mg N in each rate every 15 days (280 mg N/pot containing 7 kg soil with a total of 8 rates) compared with no mineral N application. The tomato cultivars differed significantly; Line 73 produced higher number of leaves, dry matter content as well as fruit yield than Floradade, which contained higher concentrations of macronutrients and micronutrients. Adding sawdust compost significantly increased number of leaves, fruit yield and nutrient uptake. N application was very important to tomato plants in such soil regardless of the form added. The completely and partially acidic N form induced a positive effect on the availability of nutrients such as P, K and micronutrients, which was reflected on the uptake by all organs. Adding sawdust compost to the calcareous soil in the presence of acidic N form could be recommended for best results in terms of fruit yield and favourable nutrient uptake. Response of sugar beet and corn crops to sawdust compost and farmyard manure with combination of N sources: In relation to the effective properties of a calcareous soil. During two successive seasons, sugar beet and corn were cropped to study the direct and residual effects of the organic manures on the role of soil through 10 months and crop yields. Nitrogen sources did not effect on sugar beet roots but either of urea or Enciabien was significantly the highest. Urea and Enciabien, were superior to others for 100 grain weight, whereas, com harvest index was not affected with neither organic nor mineral applications. There were real relationships between some soil properties (as independent variables) and sugar beet crop, root/shoot ratio corn grain yield weight of 100 grains (as dependent variable). The regression equations were calculated for those significant relationships and discussed due to behaviour of the effective soil properties after 1, 5. In conclusion, saw-dust compost could be a satisfactory manure for production of sugar beet followed by corn where the compost was combined with urea and a slow release-N (Enciabien). Due to application, improvement of certain soil properties enhancing crop responses under calcareous condition. Responses of soil nematode populations, community structure, diversity and temporal variability to agricultural intensification over a seven-year period. Crop productivity and soil conditions did not change significantly during the trial. All management practices influenced the nematode fauna but the greatest long-term effects were from sawdust mulching. In the mulched plots there was an initial flush of 340 Wood Byproducts both total and bacterial-feeding nematodes but both subsequently declined, which was coincident with enhanced populations of top predatory nematodes. The apparent negative interaction between bacterial-feeding and predatory nematodes was also demonstrated through the former being significantly (P<0. Herbicide use did not exert any consistent detrimental effects on nematode communities and the nematode fauna in the herbicide treated plots tended to have greater diversity (as indicated by the Shannon-Weiner index) than that in many of the other plots. The effects of cultivation varied, but under the perennial crop the greatest number of total and bacterial-feeding nematodes were commonly at 5-10 cm depth in cultivated plots.
The recommendations include sowing seeds at 15-cm intervals near the soil surface (3-cm depth) along ridges symptoms definition purchase exelon 6 mg overnight delivery, applying pesticides at sowing symptoms 8 days after iui order exelon 3 mg without a prescription, and filling the sowing hole with a substrate (coir treatment jones fracture order exelon 6 mg with amex, vermiculite or sawdust) in order to prevent formation of a soil crust which impedes seedling emergence symptoms zoloft withdrawal exelon 3mg otc. Alterations were made to a conventional seed drill to accommodate the above recommendations and field trials were carried out in 6 plots in 1997 chi infra treatment order 3 mg exelon with amex. Problems associated with pests medications for fibromyalgia generic exelon 6 mg otc, diseases and the effect of soil crust development on seedling emergence were reduced or eliminated. At the start of flowering (end of July), plants from the experimental plots had stronger root systems than plants from conventionally sown plots. Sawdust was generally the best substrate as coir did not flow well in the machine and vermiculite flowed too easily, although seeds had a greater tendency to dry out in sawdust. Soil crust formation was only eliminated if the substrate filled the hole to the level of the soil surface. Seed germination and seedling survival of Tillandsia geminiflora Brongn in different substrates. Notes: Original title: Germinacao de sementes e sobrevivencia das plantulas de Tillandsia geminiflora Brongn, em diferentes substratos. The highest germination percentage (76%) was obtained by the plume-fixed seeds on black nylon screen. Treatments comprised: seed storage without media for 5, 10, 15 and 20 days, seed storage in ash for 5 days, seed storage in charcoal for 5, 10, 15 and 20 days, seed storage in sand for 5, 10, 15 and 20 days, seed storage in sawdust for 5, 10, 15 and 20 days. Among the seeds stored for 20 days in different media, the highest germination percentage (93. The significance of Cognettia sphagnetorum (Enchytraeidae) on nitrogen availability and plant growth in wood ash-treated humus soil. Similarity of bacterial communities in sawdustand straw-amended cow manure composts. These analyses demonstrate that bacterial community profiles of individual composts were highly similar, as were profiles of compost-amended potting mixes. However, potting mix profiles differed substantially from the original compost profiles and from that of the peat base. These data indicate that highly similar bacterial populations were active in the two composts, and suggest that the effects of the initial carbon amendment on the mature compost bacterial communities were minor, while factors such as the feed manure and composting location may have been more influential. Notes: Original title: Einfacher Anbau von Paprika in Holzfaser mit rezirkulierender Nahrlosung. Descriptors: cost analysis/ crop quality/ crop yield/ drainage water/ fertigation/ fertilizers/ fixed costs/ greenhouses/ hydroponics/ protected cultivation/ recycling/ rockwool/ soilless culture/ substrates/ variable costs/ wood chips/ costing/ cultivation under glass or plastic/ fertirrigation/ glasshouses/ mineral wool/ rock wool Abstract: Sweet pepper cultivars Spartakus and Fiesta were sown mid-December and planted on wood chips (Toresa special)early January, with harvesting from early May (green peppers) until end July. Data are presented on crop yield, pH of irrigation water, water quality of recycled irrigation water, composition of drainage water, fixed and variable costs, and crop quality. The simple closed system is compared to a high-tech sytem with rockwool and a computer-based fertilizer program. Specialmeddelande Institutionen for Jordbrukets Biosystem och Teknologi, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet 229: 46 pp. Notes: Original title: Forenklade golv konstruktioner i liggbas for notkreatur i losdrift. Descriptors: animal behaviour/ animal welfare/ behaviour/ cattle housing/ concrete/ costs/ cow housing/ floors/ litter/ mats/ nutrients/ sawdust/ animal behavior/ animal rights/ behavior/ cattle sheds/ costings/ cowsheds/ flooring Abstract: this report is based on a review of experiences abroad and on a study in Sweden concerning the function of different lying area surfaces on: lying behaviour, hygiene of lying area, and contamination of soil. The advantages of sand are claimed to be comfort and health, the disadvantages, high use of bedding (25 kg/day per cubicle), animals dig in the sand, and difficulties with manure management. Cleanliness of the cubicles and laying down and lying behaviour were compared for 2 surfaces: a sand/sawdust mixture on compacted tarmac, and a thin layer of sawdust on a soft rubber mat (Comfort matReg. Cleanliness of cubicles was monitored twice a day, for 8 cubicles of each surface, over a 14 day period. The sand/sawdust mixture was superior and significantly cleaner, but bedding consumption was 6-7 times higher than for the rubber mat/sawdust. High bedding requirements lead to high costs, but a clean lying area is important for udder health, milk quality, and consumer opinions on dairy barns. The laying down and lying behaviour of 8 cows was monitored continuously over 3 days on each lying surface. Cows had a slightly shorter preparation time to lie down (probably due to comfort) on the sand/sawdust mix than on the rubber mat. The yearly cost (interest and depreciation) for a concrete floor as a cubicle base is of secondary importance to other building costs, and bedding or mat costs. Simplified floor constructions in cubicles would appear to be of greatest value in low cost buildings such as uninsulated lying barns. The physical and chemical properties of wood ash and its effects on soil properties, plant nutrition and growth and nutrient availability in plants are discussed. The factors affecting the 347 Use of Industrial Byproducts in Agriculture efficiency of wood ash as a soil additive are presented. Notes: Original title: Zroznicowane systemy pielegnacji gleby a wzrost i plonowanie jabloni odmian Lobo i Sampion. Descriptors: soil management systems/ mulching/ sawdust/ manure/ morphology/ yield/ apple trees Abstract: the results of mulching with sawdust and manure of applying sod and black fallow in an apple orchard of cvs. Mulching retarded the growth of the stem diameter and current season shoots in the first two years of the study. Lobo was obtained from the plots mulched with manure and of Sampion from the plots mulched with sawdust. Soil P fractions as affected by on-farm composts in a controlled incubation study. An experiment was conducted to investigate through a sequential extraction procedure the availability of P of fresh dairy manure and several on-farm compost-soil mixtures (fresh solid dairy manure with straw, dairy manure with straw, dairy manure with hardwood shavings, beef manure with straw, horse manure with wood chips, poultry litter, sheep manure with straw, and vegetable residues, chicken manure, sawdust and leaves) after a 13-week incubation in glass jars at 35 degrees C. Materials were mixed at a rate of 200 mg N kg-1 with an Arago sandy loam (Humo-Ferric Podzol), supplying from 64 to 301 mg P kg-1. Among the compost materials, poultry litter, vegetable residue and sheep manure increased labile P fraction the most. The contribution of the young dairy manure compost to this fraction was largely negative, and lower than those of fresh manure or partially and well-decomposed manure composts. The organic P fractions in the soil were less affected by manure or compost addition. This study indicated that the material P availability was reduced by composting, and was more affected by the origin of residue than by manure management. Soil salinity and sodicity after application of fresh and composted manure with straw or wood-chips. Soil temperature fluctuations under sward, sawdust cover, herbicide-cleared ground, and under mechanical cultivation. Notes: Original title: Wpyw systemu utrzymania gleby w sadzie na zmiane temperatury w glebie. Descriptors: apples/ autumn/ cultivation/ soil temperature/ summer/ fall Abstract: From 30th May till 5th November 2000, air temperature at the level of 2 m as well as soil temperature at the depth of 30 cm under sward, sawdust cover, herbicide-cleared ground and under mechanical cultivation were recorded in an 8-year-old apple orchard. It was found that in the orchard the soil management systems had some influence on the dynamics of soil temperature fluctuations at the depth of 30 cm. The smallest daily fluctuations were recorded under the sawdust cover, and the largest under mechanical cultivation. Data collected on two warmest periods during summer and one cool period in early autumn are described and discussed in detail. Sorption and transport of metals in preferential flow paths and soil matrix after the addition of wood ash. Sources of mulching on the changes of physical and chemical properties in Alfisol soil in West Bengal, India. The chemical properties like organic matter, total N, available K and P also increased by a maximum of 187. Southern redcedar and southern magnolia wood chip mulches for weed suppression in containerized woody ornamentals. In greenhouse tests, southern redcedar and southern magnolia wood chip mulches significantly inhibited the germination of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis). Wood chips from both southern redcedar and southern magnolia were as effective as a mixture of isoxaben and trifluralin in suppressing weed growth in nursery containers. The wood chip mulches had no inhibitory effect on the growth of crape myrtle plants. In a similar, longer-term field trial using containerized dogwood (Cornus florida) plants sown with large crabgrass and redroot pigweed, the southern redcedar wood chip mulch was most effective in weed suppression when used in combination with a low dose of the chemical herbicide. Spatial variability of tomato rooting system and implications on irrigation management in soilless cropping with substrates. Notes: Original title: Variabilidade espacial do sistema radicular do tomateiro e implicacoes no manejo da irrigacao em cultivo sem solo com substratos. Descriptors: coir/ electrical conductivity/ irrigation/ nutrient solutions/ rice husks/ root systems/ roots / sawdust/ soilless culture/ spatial variation / substrates/ tomatoes/ water deficit/ coconut fibre/ rice hulls/ watering Abstract: the distribution of tomato rooting system and horizontal variability of matric potential (Psim) and electrical conductivity of the solution were evaluated on green coconut fibre, carbonized rice husk, carbonized coarse sawdust and commercial substrates packed in plastic bags. Higher root concentrations and lower Psim, under temporary water deficit conditions, occurred close to the plant for coconut fibres and rice husk, and close to the dripper for coarse sawdust and commercial substrates. The lower root concentration between a dripper and the following plant, irrigated by another emitter, occurred probably due to the high electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution in that zone (up to 8. Evaluation of Psim variability on substrates for plants exposed to water deficit allowed a qualitative estimation of the root system distribution of tomato crop, easier than the direct method. For irrigation scheduling purpose, moisture sensors should be placed between the plant and its respective dripper. Status of oak mushroom cultivation and production in Korea focused on Hwasung and Yongin cities in Gyeonggi Province. Lee SangHyun; Kang HagMo; Choi SooIm; Lee ChangHeon; Kim Hyun; Cho YoungJin; Lim HoSub; and Kohroki, K. Imported Chinese oak mushrooms are mostly grown on sawdust blocks, which are costly in Korea because of higher labor costs and log prices. Mushroom farmers, therefore, strive to seek ways to compete with Chinese oak mushrooms, and the use of broad-leaved tree species is under consideration to promote sawdust-based mushroom cultivation. Korean oak mushrooms are 349 Use of Industrial Byproducts in Agriculture expected to be more competitive when they are grown on sawdust rather than log while imports of Chinese mushrooms are still limited due to difficulties sustaining freshness. However, there are some obstacles such as the acquisition of superior strains of mushroom to promote sawdust cultivation of oak mushroom. Thus, the study investigated the status of production and sales of oak mushroom and the intent of mushroom farmers toward mushroom culture in wooden trays by conducting a questionnaire survey involving mushroom farmers in the two cities in Gyeonggi Province. Results of the study revealed that there were differences in production volume and revenue per oak log between mushroom farmers in the two areas. Many farmers showed distrustful reactions towards strains distributed because of frequent loss and damages caused by purchased strains. It is, therefore, necessary to encourage farmers to increase productivity by standardizing culture techniques and supplying good strains of mushrooms. More farmers in Hwasung City are interested in mushroom cultivation in wooden trays, but farmers in Yongin City were less enthusiastic about mushroom cultivation in wooden trays after witnessing failures of other farmers. The findings of the study signifies the need for introducing effects of mushroom culture in wooden trays among mushroom farmers, and developing superior strains of mushrooms to promote mushroom growth using wooden trays. Stimulation of predacious nematodes through soil amendments in small scale agriculture. Reduction of plant parasitic nematode population was maximum with application of neem seed cake whereas predator prey ratio increased with poultry manure, cow dung, farmyard manure, castor cake, groundnut oilmeal, neem seed cake, sawdust, and neem leaf. Initial nematode infestation in the soil was very low (500 plant parasitic nematodes/100 g soil) which was conducive for the conservation of predators. Structure of fungal communities in barren post agricultural soil 1 and 2 years after pine sawdust application. It was found that the high increase in Trichoderma population, caused by application of fresh Pinus sawdust, is not a long lasting phenomenon. The decrease of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content which was due to the sawdust decomposition caused the decrease in frequency and increase in diversity of the fungal community two years after sawdust application. Descriptors: cattle dung/ cotton waste/ cottonseed husks/ crop yield/ edible fungi/ horse dung/ non wood forest products/ sawdust/ wheat bran/ Lentinaceae/ minor forest products/ non timber forest products/ Poriales Abstract: the sawdust of Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) supplied alone or in combination with 10% cotton seed hulls, 5% horse dung, 5% wheat bran or 5% cow dung were evaluated for the productivity of P. Sisham sawdust combined with 10% cotton seed hulls proved the best for spawn running with a mean 13. Maximum yield was obtained by Shisham + 10% cotton seed hulls while minimum yield was obtained by Shisham sawdust alone. Yield was highest on cotton waste followed by Popular, Shisham, Kikar and Pine, while Diar gave no yield. Studies on the composts produced from layer feces mixed with sawdusts and their effect on the growth of Brassica campestris L. The mixtures in plastic pots were composted in the greenhouse for 12 weeks with agitating every week. After 12 weeks of composting, the germination and growth tests were performed with Komatsuna (Brassica campestris L. Inhibition by the excess ammonium ion was suggested by the analysis of the composts. Liu QingChao; Wang KuiLing; Liu QingHua; Zhang QiXiang; Pan HuiTang; Liang ShuLe; and Yue Momo Acta Horticulturae 767: 65-72. In this paper, the feasibility of composted peanut hull, soybean stalk, sawdust, coconut coir, maize core and lees from wine as growing media is reported for studies commencing in 2002. The physical characteristics of those materials were primarily suitable for growing media. The total organic matter and cellulose content in the materials were higher than those in peat, while the contents of Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn were lower. Cyclamen persicum, Euphorbia pulcherrima and Impatiens hawkeri grew better in those materials in pot than that in peat. This shows that most agricultural cast-offs investigated in this trial were excellent substitutes for peat. Chen MeeiHsing and Peng JinTorng Journal of Agricultural Research of China 48(2): 143-148. Cotton seed hulls and rice straw were more suitable than sawdust on the basis of biological efficiency. The best temperature and water content of the cotton seed hulls substrate for the production of sclerotia were 20 degrees C and 65% w/w.
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