Deposition rates were calculated for six scenarios: nosebreathing at rest menstruation 45 years old buy 1mg arimidex with visa, nose-breathing at light work menopause zits cheap arimidex 1 mg mastercard, nose breathing at moderate work women's health clinic bankstown buy cheap arimidex 1 mg on-line, mouth breathing at rest womens health 8 week challenge arimidex 1 mg, mouth breathing at light work pregnancy 9th week purchase arimidex 1mg otc, and mouth breathing at moderate work breast cancer quilt quality arimidex 1mg. The clearance rate coefficient constants for humans were modified from the rat values. For nickel sulfate, clearance rate coefficient constants in humans were assumed to be the same as in rats. The approach and equations for alveolar deposition and clearance are similar to those given above for the rat (Hsieh et al. The model predictions were compared with experimental data for the normalized lung burden metric (Ni-lung burden/g lung/unit concentration) and the calculated results did not always show good agreement. Because of lower deposition rates and faster clearance rates, mice have lower lung burdens than rats when exposed to the same concentrations of NiO or NiS0 4 particles. For Ni 3S2, the lung burden/gram of lung in mice can be lower or higher than in rats depending upon exposure concentration and duration. When the dosimetry model is applied to worker exposure, three additional factors are incorporated in the model: inhalability, mixed breathing mode, and clearance rate coefficient of a Ni compound mixture. Deposition rates are calculated for three different ventilations: at rest, light work, and moderate work. This modified dosimetry model was applied to the data on lung Ni burden for 39 workers reported by Andersen and Svenes (1989). Since particle sizes were not measured in the study, values from the same facility measured by Vincent (1996) were used. Nevertheless several points fall on or close to the 1: 1 correlation line generally supporting their claim of good agreement. The acute toxicity of inhaled nickel compounds is affected by their solubility and particle size distribution. Similar toxic effects were seen in both exposed humans and experimental animals, primarily lung lesions, decreased lung function and immunotoxicity. The immunotoxicity endpoint appears to form the best basis for deriving an acute reference exposure level. Three of the asthmatics tested positive for the presence of nickel-specific lgE antibodies. Positive reactions to skin testing with nickel were found in 3 of the asthmatic workers who also had dermatitis. Soluble nickel compounds appear to be the greatest concern for acute health effects. Divalent nickel competes with copper for binding to serum albumin and is systemically transported in this way (Sunderman, 1986). The kidneys, lungs, and placenta are the principal organs for systemic accumulation of nickel (Sunderman, 1986). In contrast to the long half-life of the insoluble forms of nickel in the nasal mucosa, the elimination half-life of Ni 2+ in the plasma is 1-2 days in mice (Nieboer et al. A two-year-old child died after accidentally ingesting an oral dose of approximately 570 mg/kg bw of nickel sulfate (Daldrup et al. Cardiac arrest occurred four hours after the ingestion, and the child died eight hours after the accident. Webster (1980, cited in Norseth, 1984) reported nickel intoxication in a group of 23 dialysis patients. This level was much higher than those found in five other dialysis units (average 3. Twenty workers experienced nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, giddiness, lassitude, headache, cough and shortness of breath, which lasted for a few hours to several days. Elimination half times ranged from 27 hr with induced diuresis to 60 hr in non-induced subjects. Exposure to nickel in occupational settings causes dermatitis and asthma in some individuals with repeated exposures (Davies, 1986). This hypersensitivity can be diagnosed by patch testing (Menne and Maibach, 1989). The spraying process lasted about 90 minutes and the subject was observed to remove a protective half face mask during the spraying process. The subject complained of feeling unwell and went home and the next day he complained of cough, shortness of breath, and a tight chest. Four days after exposure he was admitted to the hospital and was tachypneic, pyrexial and cyanosed. Nickel nanoparticles (< 25 nm) were identified in lung macrophages using transmission electron microscopy. In addition, there was hematuria and proteinuria also indicative of kidney toxicity. The updated examination supports the idea that inhaled nickel can be absorbed systemically and affect other organs. Following exposure the animals were given clean air on days six to eight prior to sacrifice. The measured inflammatory biomarkers were total protein concentration, total elastolytic activity, a1 -antitrypsin, and ~ glucuronidase activity. There was no exfoliation of the airway epithelium found on exposure day five when bronchiolitis developed. The data indicate that nickel chloride inhalation caused an acute inflammatory response with hypersecretion of mucus, which cleared in one month. It has been shown that water-soluble nickel compounds are more acutely toxic than the less soluble compounds by ingestion. The olfactory epithelium was examined histologically and with immunochemistry 1 to 7 days postinstillation. An increase in cell proliferation was observed by BrdU incorporation at 5 and 7 days postinstillation. Subcutaneous injections of 10 mg/kg nickel chloride have been shown to increase prolactin secretion in rats one day following administration (Clemons and Garcia, 1981). Although no effect was seen on natural killer cell activity in these animals, lesions in the nasal and lung epithelium and in bronchial lymph node were observed. Pathology revealed emphysematous changes in the lungs of rats exposed to 5 or 10 mg Ni 3S2/m 3, and fibrosis in mice exposed to 5 mg NbS 2/m 3. Atrophy of lymphoid tissues, including spleen, thymus, and bronchial lymph nodes, was observed in mice and rats exposed to 5 or 10 mg Ni 3 S2/m 3. The electrophilic Ni 2+ ion is reported to be the causative agent of nephrotoxicity in rats; it binds to intracellular nucleophiles in kidney tissue such as guanine, adenine, and glutathione two hours following intraperitoneal exposure to 10 mg Ni/kg as NiC03 (Ciccarelli and Wetterhahn, 1984). The lung lesions induced by a single nickel exposure were characterized by goblet cell hyperplasia, perivascular inflammatory cells and edema in the alveolar space. Nickel fumes and Ni 20 3 produced goblet cell hyperplasia, focal granuloma, and inflammatory cells in the alveolar space but NiO did not produce lesions. The authors note that although the Ni fumes were composed of about 3% Ni 20 3 and the remainder NiO, its toxicity was greater on a weight basis than Ni203 administered alone. They speculate that the difference in toxicity was due to the presence of ultrafine particles in the Ni fumes. Five animals /dose group were sacrificed at 0 hr and 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days post exposure. However, as the authors point out, if half of the amount of Ni deposited in the lung in the Low group were carried over to the next day, the amount of deposition after 30 days at 5hr/d would exceed the single exposure deposition for the High group. Analysis of phenotypic extreme responders to nickel-induced lung injury, including 55 most sensitive (survival times:::; 66 hr) and 54 most resistant (survival times;;:::: 112 hr) backcross mice, identified possible linkages on chromosomes 1, 6, 8, 9, and 12, which explained 62% of the genetic variance in the extreme phenotypic cohort. The results suggest that relatively few genes might be important for irritant-induced acute lung injury. The mass median diameter of NiO agglomerates suspended in distilled water was 26 nm (8. The particle size distribution of the sample nanoparticles was determined by a dynamic light scattering technique (diameter range ca. In lung tissue, infiltration of neutrophils and alveolar macrophages was seen from day 3 to 6 months in alveoli. Kinetic analysis of alkaline phosphatase and sucrase indicated that quantity of enzymes (Vmax) was altered by nickel exposure rather than their activity (Km). Regional analysis indicated that the changes in enzyme activity were mainly located in the villus tip and mid villus regions, rather than the crypt base. The authors conclude that acute feeding of nickel affects the development of various brush border enzymes along the crypt-villus axis of the rat intestine. Toxic Endpoint Functional integrity of intestine, activity of brush border enzymes: maltase j, lactase j, alkaline phosphatase j, leucine amino peptidase j all P < 0. Nasal toxicity time and dose dependent decreases in thickness of ectoturbinate 2 and endoturbinate 11 regions. Cigarette smokers may receive greater nickel exposure, since cigarette smoke contains nickel (Menden et al. Additionally, a review of the literature on nickel toxicity showed that Ni 2 + causes vasoconstriction in animals and humans, which may potentiate the effects of a primary ischemic lesion in the cardiovascular system (U. In rats, rabbits, and dogs, one mg/kg nickel chloride antagonizes the cardiac arrhythmia induced by digoxin by competing with calcium at cardiac membrane sites (Prasad et al. The implications of this effect for persons with congestive heart failure have not been investigated. Human studies (Table 13) of workers exposed to nickel compounds by the inhalation route suggest increased incidence of spontaneous abortions in females and spermatotoxicity in males. But oral exposures resulted in spermatotoxicity in mice and rats involving both induction of mutation and endocrine disruption, and reduced reproduction in rats (both sexes exposed separately and together). Nickel-exposed mice and rats also exhibited significantly increased perinatal mortality. In the same study, the authors also noted a statistically significant increase in structural malformations among offspring born to 356 workers (16. No confidence intervals or other statistical analyses were provided by the authors. Exposure of human sperm to Ni(ll) had a biphasic effect with a low concentration of 4. Fifty-seven workers from a welding plant in South India and 57 controls were monitored. Rapid linear sperm motility was decreased in the exposed subjects compared to controls and there was a significant positive correlation between the percentage of sperm tail defects and blood nickel in exposed workers (R =0. These investigators also report a negative correlation of sperm concentration with blood chromium in exposed workers (R =-0. In this register-based cohort study, data about pregnancy outcome and occupation were obtained from the Kola Birth Registry, covering the township of Moncegorsk in Northwestern Russia. The reference population comprised delivering non-Ni-exposed women from Moncegorsk. Nickel exposure was characterized by using as a guideline the water-soluble Ni subtraction of the inhalable aerosol fraction obtained by personal monitoring for nickel- and copper-refinery workers and/or measured urinary-Ni concentrations. This registry and exposure classifications were also used in the other studies by Vaktskjold et al. The association of the outcome with assigned exposure ratings was analyzed with a logistic regression model, adjusted for parity, maternal malformation, exposure to solvents and infection in early pregnancy. There was no association between nickel exposure and genital malformations in this study. The adjusted odds ratio for the association between maternal exposure to nickel and the observed defects was 0. The authors concluded that despite the high incidence of defects there was no apparent association with maternal nickel exposure. A case-control study involved women employed in nickel-exposed work areas in early pregnancy. Each pregnancy record was assigned a categorical nickel exposure rating according to occupation at pregnancy onset. The guidelines were the water-soluble Ni subtraction of the inhalable aerosol fraction obtained by personal monitoring for nickel- and copper-refinery workers and/or measured urinary-Ni concentrations. Adjustments included previous induced abortion, previous delivery, solvent or paint exposure, heavy lifting, and maternal age >34 years. The authors concluded that no statistical association was established; however they note that the findings do not exclude the possibility of a weak excess risk. Experimental endpoints for F0 animals included clinical observations, body weights, food and water consumption, mating, parturition, lactation and offspring growth and viability. Experimental endpoints for selected F1 animals included survival, clinical observations and body weight during the F1 dosing phase.
High rate of endoreduplications and chromosomal aberrations in hamster cells treated with sodium nitrite in vitro breast cancer jerseys order arimidex 1 mg line. Chromosomal aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges induced by gaseous nitrogen dioxide in cultured Chinese hamster cells womens health danbury ct buy arimidex 1 mg. Cross-sectional study with multiple measurements of biological markers for assessing stomach cancer risks at the population level pregnancy 70 effaced generic arimidex 1mg mastercard. Nitrate loads and concentrations in surface-water base flow and shallow groundwater for selected basins in the United States womens health half marathon 1mg arimidex fast delivery, water years 1990-2006 the women's health big book of yoga pdf cheap arimidex 1 mg line. Nitrate-nitrogen concentrations in shallow ground water of the coastal plain of the Albemarle-Pamlico drainage study units menopause ulcers arimidex 1 mg, North Carolina and Virginia. Groundwater contributions of flow, nitrate, and dissolved organic carbon to the lower San Joaquin River, California, 2006-08. Quantification of iodide and sodium-iodide symporter inhibitors in human urine using ion chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Long-term experiment with canned meat treated with sodium nitrite and glucono-delta-lactone in rats. Does the risk of childhood diabetes mellitus require revision of the guideline values for nitrate in drinking water Metabolic fate of an oral dose of 15N-labeled nitrate in humans: Effect of diet supplementation with ascorbic acid. Proceedings of an international workshop, Bilthoven (Netherlands) 8-10 November 1994. Survey of literature relating infant methemoglobinemia due to nitrate-contaminated water. Risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and nitrate and nitrite from drinking water and diet. Adenocarcinoma of the stomach and esophagus and drinking water and dietary sources of nitrate and nitrite. Analytical application of solid contact ion-selective electrodes for determination of copper and nitrate in various food products and drinking water. Induction of cancer of the glandular stomach in rats by an extract of nitrite-treated fish. Nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway: Implications for anesthesiology and intensive care. Glomerular filtration rate, effective renal blood flow, and maximal tubular excretory capacity in infancy. Geographic association between urinary excretion of N-nitroso compounds and oesophageal cancer mortality in China. Efficient and specific induction of esophageal tumors in rats by precursors of N-nitrososarcosine ethyl ester. Effects of antioxidant 1-O-hexyl-2,3,5trimethylhydroquinone or ascorbic acid on carcinogenesis induced by administration of aminopyrine and sodium nitrite in a rat multi-organ carcinogenesis model. Carcinogenic activity of endogenously synthesized n nitrosobis-2-hydroxypropylamine in rats administered bis-2-hydroxypropylamine and sodium nitrite. Determination of nitrite in whole blood by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection and a case of nitrite poisoning. Dietary intake of nitrate relative to antioxidant vitamin in relation to breast cancer risk: A case-control study. Endometrial carcinogenesis induced by concurrent oral administration of ethylenethiourea and sodium nitrite in mice. Tumor induction by concurrent oral administration of ethylenethiourea and sodium nitrite in mice. Determination of nitrate by a flow system with a chemiluminescent nitrogen oxides analyzer. Impact of nitrate intake in drinking water on the thyroid gland activity in male rat. Nitrate intake does not influence bladder cancer risk: the Netherlands cohort study. Risk assessment of N-nitrosodimethylamine formed endogenously after fish-with-vegetable meals. Safety evaluation of nitrate: Mathematical modeling of nitrite formation in man and its application in the risk assessment of nitrate. Bilthoven, the Netherlands: National Institute of Public Health and the Environment. Mathematical model of human nitrate/nitrite kinetics, including the formation of methemoglobin in the blood (Supplement to: Toxicol Sci 116(1):323-335). A nested case-control study of methemoglobinemia risk factors in children of Transylvania, Romania. Assessing groundwater nitrate contamination for resource and landscape management. Drinking water composition and childhood-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus in Devon and Cornwall, England. Urinary excretion of N-nitroso compounds in rats fed sodium nitrite and/or hot dogs. Size distributions of particulate sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium at a coastal site in Hong Kong. Acute Exposure-Exposure to a chemical for a duration of 14 days or less, as specified in the Toxicological Profiles. Adsorption-The adhesion in an extremely thin layer of molecules (as of gases, solutes, or liquids) to the surfaces of solid bodies or liquids with which they are in contact. Adsorption Coefficient (Koc)-The ratio of the amount of a chemical adsorbed per unit weight of organic carbon in the soil or sediment to the concentration of the chemical in solution at equilibrium. It is generally expressed in micrograms of chemical sorbed per gram of soil or sediment. Biomarkers-Broadly defined as indicators signaling events in biologic systems or samples. They have been classified as markers of exposure, markers of effect, and markers of susceptibility. Case-Control Study- A type of epidemiological study that examines the relationship between a particular outcome (disease or condition) and a variety of potential causative agents (such as toxic chemicals). In a case-control study, a group of people with a specified and well-defined outcome is identified and compared to a similar group of people without the outcome. These may suggest some potential topics for scientific research, but are not actual research studies. Case Series-Describes the experience of a small number of individuals with the same disease or exposure. These may suggest potential topics for scientific research, but are not actual research studies. Chronic Exposure-Exposure to a chemical for 365 days or more, as specified in the Toxicological Profiles. Cohort Study-A type of epidemiological study of a specific group or groups of people who have had a common insult. Cross-sectional Study-A type of epidemiological study of a group or groups of people that examines the relationship between exposure and outcome to a chemical or to chemicals at one point in time. Data Needs-Substance-specific informational needs that, if met, would reduce the uncertainties of human health risk assessment. Developmental Toxicity-The occurrence of adverse effects on the developing organism that may result from exposure to a chemical prior to conception (either parent), during prenatal development, or postnatally to the time of sexual maturation. Adverse developmental effects may be detected at any point in the life span of the organism. Dose-Response Relationship-The quantitative relationship between the amount of exposure to a toxicant and the incidence of the adverse effects. Embryotoxicity and Fetotoxicity-Any toxic effect on the conceptus as a result of prenatal exposure to a chemical; the distinguishing feature between the two terms is the stage of development during which the insult occurs. The terms, as used here, include malformations and variations, altered growth, and in utero death. A health advisory is not a legally enforceable federal standard, but serves as technical guidance to assist federal, state, and local officials. Epidemiology-Refers to the investigation of factors that determine the frequency and distribution of disease or other health-related conditions within a defined human population during a specified period. Genotoxicity-A specific adverse effect on the genome of living cells that, upon the duplication of affected cells, can be expressed as a mutagenic, clastogenic, or carcinogenic event because of specific alteration of the molecular structure of the genome. Half-life-A measure of rate for the time required to eliminate one half of a quantity of a chemical from the body or environmental media. Immunologic Toxicity-The occurrence of adverse effects on the immune system that may result from exposure to environmental agents such as chemicals. Incidence-The ratio of new cases of individuals in a population who develop a specified condition to the total number of individuals in that population who could have developed that condition in a specified time period. In Vitro-Isolated from the living organism and artificially maintained, as in a test tube. Lymphoreticular Effects-Represent morphological effects involving lymphatic tissues such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus. Malformations-Permanent structural changes that may adversely affect survival, development, or function. Morbidity-State of being diseased; morbidity rate is the incidence or prevalence of disease in a specific population. Mortality-Death; mortality rate is a measure of the number of deaths in a population during a specified interval of time. Necropsy-The gross examination of the organs and tissues of a dead body to determine the cause of death or pathological conditions. Neurotoxicity-The occurrence of adverse effects on the nervous system following exposure to a hazardous substance. Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient (Kow)-The equilibrium ratio of the concentrations of a chemical in n-octanol and water, in dilute solution. Organophosphate or Organophosphorus Compound-A phosphorus-containing organic compound and especially a pesticide that acts by inhibiting cholinesterase. Pesticide-General classification of chemicals specifically developed and produced for use in the control of agricultural and public health pests (insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or animals). Pharmacokinetics-The dynamic behavior of a material in the body, used to predict the fate (disposition) of an exogenous substance in an organism. Utilizing computational techniques, it provides the means of studying the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of chemicals by the body. Pharmacokinetic Model-A set of equations that can be used to describe the time course of a parent chemical or metabolite in an animal system. There are two types of pharmacokinetic models: data-based and physiologically-based. A data-based model divides the animal system into a series of compartments, which, in general, do not represent real, identifiable anatomic regions of the body, whereas the physiologically-based model compartments represent real anatomic regions of the body. These models advance the importance of physiologically based models in that they clearly describe the biological effect (response) produced by the system following exposure to an exogenous substance. These models require a variety of physiological information: tissue volumes, blood flow rates to tissues, cardiac output, alveolar ventilation rates, and possibly membrane permeabilities. The models also utilize biochemical information, such as blood:air partition coefficients, and metabolic parameters. Prevalence-The number of cases of a disease or condition in a population at one point in time. Prospective Study-A type of cohort study in which the pertinent observations are made on events occurring after the start of the study. The q1* can be used to calculate an estimate of carcinogenic potency, the incremental excess cancer risk per unit of exposure (usually g/L for water, mg/kg/day for food, and g/m3 for air). Reference Concentration (RfC)-An estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a continuous inhalation exposure to the human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious noncancer health effects during a lifetime. The inhalation reference concentration is for continuous inhalation exposures and is appropriately expressed in units of mg/m3 or ppm. Reference Dose (RfD)-An estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of the daily exposure of the human population to a potential hazard that is likely to be without risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime. Reproductive Toxicity-The occurrence of adverse effects on the reproductive system that may result from exposure to a hazardous substance. The toxicity may be directed to the reproductive organs and/or the related endocrine system. The manifestation of such toxicity may be noted as alterations in sexual behavior, fertility, pregnancy outcomes, or modifications in other functions that are dependent on the integrity of this system. Retrospective Study-A type of cohort study based on a group of persons known to have been exposed at some time in the past. Data are collected from routinely recorded events, up to the time the study is undertaken. Retrospective studies are limited to causal factors that can be ascertained from existing records and/or examining survivors of the cohort. Risk Factor-An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, an environmental exposure, existing health condition, or an inborn or inherited characteristic that is associated with an increased occurrence of disease or other health-related event or condition. Risk Ratio-The ratio of the risk among persons with specific risk factors compared to the risk among persons without risk factors. A risk ratio greater than 1 indicates greater risk of disease in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group. Target Organ Toxicity-This term covers a broad range of adverse effects on target organs or physiological systems.
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Chylous effusions are caused by lymphatic obstruction menopause 9gag purchase 1mg arimidex with mastercard, while cholesterol effusions are seen in patients with myxedema menstrual flexible cups generic 1 mg arimidex overnight delivery, which is caused by hypothyroidism pregnancy symptoms order arimidex 1 mg mastercard. Hemopericardium (blood in the pericardial cavity) is most commonly caused by the rupture of a myocardial infarction menstruation jewelry arimidex 1mg free shipping. Primary tumors of the heart are quite rare; the most common in the adult is the myxoma menopause groups generic arimidex 1mg overnight delivery. These tumors occur most often in the left atrium 8 menopause myths purchase arimidex 1 mg without prescription, and if pedunculated they may interfere with the mitral valve by a "ball valve" effect. Rhabdomyomas are the most common primary cardiac tumors in infants and children and often occur in association with tuberous sclerosis. Papillary fibroelastomas usually are incidental lesions found at the time of autopsy and are probably hamartomas rather than true neoplasms. The obstruction to right ventricular outflow may be caused by infundibular stenosis of the right ventricle or stenosis of the pulmonic valve. Most patients are cyanotic from birth or develop cyanosis by the end of the first year of life, since even mild obstruction of right ventricular outflow is progressive. The tetralogy of Fallot is the most common cause of cyanosis after 1 year of age and causes 10% of all forms of congenital heart disease. Hypoxic attacks and syncope are serious complications, forming the most common mode of death from this disease during infancy and childhood. Other complications include infectious endocarditis, paradoxical embolism, polycythemia, and cerebral infarction or abscess. Examples of defects that initially involve a left-to-right shunt, from the higher-pressure left side to the lower-pressure right side, include ventricular septal defects (the most common of all heart defects), atrial septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, and persistent truncus arteriosus. These defects initially do not produce cyanosis, but cyanosis may develop later (tardive cyanosis). A defect that initially involves a right-to-left shunt is the tetralogy of Fallot. This is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease of older children and adults. Cyanosis does not occur until later, when the shunt reverses, becoming right-to-left. This occurs because with time the pulmonary vessels become hyperplastic and irreversible pulmonary hypertension develops because of the volume overload to the lungs. The fusion of the spiral ridges results in division of the truncus into the pulmonary and aortic arteries. Occasionally the spiral is reversed, resulting in the aorta arising from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery from the left. This is a complete transposition of the great vessels and produces two completely separate blood systems. This situation obviously is incompatible with life unless some type of mixing of blood can occur between these separate systems. In utero, mixing of blood occurs across the atrial septum and in connections with the placental circulation. Cases that survive to corrective surgery must have a persistent atrial septal defect or patent ductus arteriosus to allow mixing of blood. Usually, at birth, breathing decreases pulmonary resistance and this then reverses flow through the ductus arteriosus. This oxygenated blood (flowing from the aorta into the ductus) inhibits prostaglandin production, which in turn closes the ductus arteriosus. Markedly decreased blood levels of which one of the listed substances are most characteristic of intravascular hemolysis Alkaline phosphatase Bilirubin Haptoglobin Lactate dehydrogenase Methemoglobin 211 Copyright 2002 the McGraw-Hill Companies. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency Thalassemia Hereditary spherocytosis Drug-induced hemolytic anemia Normal response 186. Two days after receiving the antimalarial drug primaquine, a 27-yearold black man develops sudden intravascular hemolysis resulting in a decreased hematocrit, hemoglobinemia, and hemoglobinuria. Examination of the peripheral blood reveals erythrocytes with a membrane defect forming "bite" cells; when crystal violet stain is applied, many Heinz bodies are seen. Hereditary spherocytosis Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia Hematology 213 187. A single nucleotide change in a codon on chromosome 11 that causes valine to replace glutamic acid at the sixth position of the chain of hemoglobin is associated with a. What laboratory method or test can be used to detect the presence of hemoglobin S Hemoglobin A Increased Increased Increased Decreased Decreased Hemoglobin A2 Increased Increased Decreased Increased Decreased Hemoglobin F Increased Decreased Increased Increased Decreased 214 Pathology 191. A 49-year-old female presents with signs of anemia and states that every morning her urine is dark. Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria Isoimmune hemolytic anemia Cold-agglutinin autoimmune hemolytic anemia 192. Which one of the listed types of antibodies is the best example of a cold agglutinin that is associated with cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia The neutrophil in the photomicrograph shown below was obtained from peripheral blood and is most likely to be found in association with a. Folic acid deficiency Infection Iron deficiency Malignancy Ingestion of a marrow-toxic agent 195. An anemic patient has the following red cell indexes: mean corpuscular volume, 70 mm3; mean corpuscular hemoglobin, 22 pg; and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, 34%. Additional tests reveal the serum iron levels, the total iron-binding capacity, and the transferrin saturation to be reduced. Iron deficiency Thalassemia trait Anemia of chronic disease Sideroblastic anemia Pernicious anemia 199. Which set of laboratory findings in the table below is most likely to be present in an individual with a renal cell carcinoma and secondary polycythemia who is not dehydrated Physical examination that finds multiple palpable purpuric lesions on the legs of a 7-year-old boy is most suggestive of a. Bleeding secondary to excess corticosteroids Erythema secondary to active hyperemia Hemorrhage secondary to hypersensitivity vasculitis Telangiectasis secondary to a congenital malformation Thrombosis secondary to viral infection 202. A 37-year-old woman who has a clinical picture of fever, splenomegaly, varying neurologic manifestations, and purplish ecchymoses of the skin is found to have a hemoglobin level of 10. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy Submassive hepatic necrosis Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome 218 Pathology 204. A 5-year-old child develops the sudden onset of bloody diarrhea, vomiting of blood, hematuria, and renal failure following a flulike gastrointestinal illness. A peripheral blood smear reveals poikilocytes, schistocytes, and a decrease in the number of platelets. A 5-year-old boy is being evaluated for recurrent epistaxis and other abnormal bleeding episodes, including excessive bleeding from the umbilical cord at birth. Administration of which one of the following substances would theoretically correct the abnormal bleeding laboratory tests in an individual who is deficient in coagulation factor V A 5-year-old boy presents with recurrent hemarthroses and intramuscular hematomas. A 27-year-old female in the last trimester of her first pregnancy presents with the sudden onset of multiple skin hemorrhages. A 45-year-old male with an artificial heart valve is given oral coumadin (Warfarin) to prevent the formation of thrombi on his artificial valve. Which combination of laboratory tests is most likely to be found in this individual An 11-year-old Jamaican boy develops a massive benign enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes associated with fever and leukocytosis. A person taking an oral sulfonamide is found to have a markedly decreased peripheral blood neutrophil count, but the numbers of platelets and erythrocytes are normal. If the peripheral neutropenia is the result of antineutrophil antibodies being produced in response to taking the sulfonamide, then this patient would be expected to have a. An atrophic spleen Decreased vitamin B12 levels Hypoplasia of the bone marrow myeloid series Hyperplasia of the bone marrow myeloid series A monoclonal large granular lymphocyte proliferation in the peripheral blood 213. Parasitic infections, such as trichinosis, schistosomiasis, and strongyloidiasis, characteristically cause elevated numbers in the peripheral blood of a. During a viral infection, a 23-year-old female develops enlarged lymph nodes at multiple sites (lymphadenopathy). A biopsy from one of these enlarged lymph nodes reveals a proliferation of reactive T immunoblasts, cells that have prominent nucleoli. These reactive T cells are most likely to be found in which one of the following regions of the lymph node Increased frequency in adolescents Neoplastic proliferation of T lymphocytes Neoplastic proliferation of B lymphocytes Nonneoplastic proliferation of tingible-body macrophages Well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma 222 Pathology 216. Histologic sections from a rapidly enlarged cervical lymph node in a 35-year-old female reveal a diffuse, monotonous proliferation of small, noncleaved lymphocytes, which are forming a "starry sky" appearance because numerous tingible-body macrophages are present. A touch prep reveals that many of these cells have cytoplasmic vacuoles, which would most likely react with a. A 20-year-old male presents in the emergency room with a lymphoma involving the mediastinum that is producing respiratory distress. The lymphocytes are most likely to have cell surface markers characteristic of which of the following B lymphocytes T lymphocytes Macrophages Dendritic reticulum cells Langerhans cells Hematology 223 219. A 22-year-old female presents with fever, weight loss, night sweats, and painless enlargement of several supraclavicular lymph nodes. A biopsy from one of the enlarged lymph nodes is shown in the photomicrograph below. The binucleate or bilobed giant cell with prominent acidophilic "owl-eye" nucleoli shown is a a. Lacunar cells are variants of Reed-Sternberg cells that are specifically found in a. Laboratory examination of his peripheral blood reveals a normochromic, normocytic anemia, along with a decreased number of platelets and an increased number of white blood cells. Coagulation studies reveal prolonged prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times and increased fibrinogen degradation products. Acute erythroid leukemia Acute lymphoblastic leukemia Acute monocytic leukemia Acute myelomonocytic leukemia Acute promyelocytic leukemia 222. A 4-year-old female is being evaluated for the sudden onset of multiple petechiae and bruises. She is found to have a peripheral leukocyte count of 55,000, 86% of which are small, homogeneous cells that have nuclei with immature chromatin. Myeloblasts Monoblasts Megakaryoblasts Lymphoblasts Erythroblasts Hematology 225 223. A 38-year-old male presents with increasing weakness and is found to have a markedly elevated peripheral leukocyte count. This abnormality refers to a characteristic chromosomal translocation that involves the oncogene a. The photomicrograph below is of peripheral blood from a patient with splenomegaly, anemia, and pancytopenia. If hairy cell leukemia is suspected, which of the following would be useful in establishing the diagnosis Myeloperoxidase stain Sudan black B Acid phosphatase stain Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase Nonspecific esterase 226 Pathology 225. He is found to have multiple enlarged, nontender lymph nodes along with an enlarged liver and spleen. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia Atypical lymphocytosis Chronic lymphocytic leukemia Immunoblastic lymphoma Prolymphocytic leukemia Hematology 227 226. The cells seen in the photomicrograph below were removed from an anemic patient and stained with an iron stain. Acute blood loss Lead poisoning Iron deficiency Myelodysplasia Vitamin B12 deficiency 228 Pathology 227. Which one of the labeled boxes in the diagram below is most consistent with the expected findings for an individual with polycythemia rubra vera The bone marrow biopsy shown in the photomicrograph below was performed because of splenomegaly and anemia in an adult. On the basis of the appearance of the bone marrow core, the most likely diagnosis is a. A bone marrow aspirate is obtained from a 70-year-old man whose symptoms include weakness, weight loss, and recurrent infections. Laboratory findings include proteinuria, anemia, and an abnormal component in serum proteins. Interleukin 1 Interleukin 6 Tumor necrosis factor Transforming growth factor Platelet-derived growth factor Hematology 231 231. Workup reveals a normal serum calcium, and no lytic lesions are found within the skeleton by x-ray. Serum electrophoresis reveals a single large M spike in the peripheral blood due to a monoclonal proliferation of IgM.
Animal fibres are also subject to damage by moths and carpet beetles; termites and silverfish attack cellulose fibres menstrual like cramps 1 mg arimidex sale. Protection against both microbial damage and insect attacks can be obtained by chemical modification of the fibre substrate; modern developments allow treatment of natural fibres to make them essentially immune to such damage women's health partners boca raton generic arimidex 1mg with amex. Biological Source Epidermal trichomes of the seeds of cultivated species of the Gossypium herbaceum and other species of Gossypium (G womens health retreats arimidex 1mg free shipping. History There are about 39 species of Gossypium worldwide which are native to the tropics and warm temperate regions womens health institute of illinois discount arimidex 1mg online. Three species are native to South Africa pregnancy yoga poses cheap arimidex 1 mg on-line, of these women's health issues in politics buy 1 mg arimidex overnight delivery, Gossypium hirsutum from Mexico has become the predominant species in commercial cotton production worldwide. Gossypium herbaceum or the African-West Asian cotton: Gossypium herbaceum is the indigenous species in India. Turkey, North Africa, Spain, Ukraine, Turkestan, and China (first cultivation in China reported was in about A. Gossypium arboreum or the Pakistani-Indian cotton: It is native to Northwest India and Pakistan. This cotton variety extended into other parts of Africa (Nigeria) that became a cotton-manufacturing centre from the 9th century onwards. The first sign of domestication of cotton species comes from Peruvian coast where cotton bolls dating to 2500 B. Cotton became a commercial slave plantation crop in the West Indies and as a result of it Barbados in 1650s became the first British West Indian colony to export cotton. Cultivation, Collection, and Preparation Cotton is cultivated by means of seed sowing method. The cotton plants are shrubs or small trees that bare fruits (capsules) after flowering. The bolls are collected when ripe, separated from the capsule, dried, and subjected to the ginning press for processing. In ginning process, hairs and seeds are put before the roller with a small space, which separates the trichomes from the seeds. The seeds remain after the removal of hair is used for the preparation of cotton seed oil and oil cake for domestic animal feed. The raw cotton so obtained is full of impurities like the colouring matter and fatty material. It is then subjected to further purification by treating it with dilute soda ash solution under pressure for about 15 hours. With ammoniacal copper oxide solution, raw cotton dissolves with ballooning, leaving a few fragments of cuticle. Absorbent cotton dissolves completely with uniform swelling, distinction from acetate rayon, jute, wool, and nylon. In cold sulphuric acid (80% w/w) cotton dissolves; distinction from oxidized cellulose, jute, hemp, and wool. In cold sulphuric acid (60% w/w) cotton, is insoluble; distinction from cellulose wadding and rayons. It is insoluble in 5% potassium hydroxide solution; distinction from oxidized cellulose, wool, and silk. It shows shades of blue, Tilac or purple; distinction from viscose, acetate rayons, alginate yarn, wool, silk, and nylon. Treat it with cold Shirla stain C for 5 min and wash out; raw cotton gives a mauve to reddish-brown colour and absorbent cotton a pink one; distinction from flax, jute, hemp. The Shirla stains may be usefully applied to a small piece of the whole fabric under investigation to indicate the distribution of more than one type of yarn. It does not give red stain with phloroglucinol and hydrochloric acid; distinction from jute, hemp, and kapok. Description Colour Odour Taste Shape Size White Odourless Tasteless these are fine filaments like that of hair, which are soft and unicellular. Biological Source It consists of phloem fibres from the stem of various species of the Corchorus; C. On ignition, cotton burns with a flame, gives very little odour or fumes, does not produce a bead, and leaves a small white ash; distinction from acetate rayon, alginate yarn, wool, silk, and nylon. A blue colour is produced; distinction from acetate rayon, alginate yarn, jute, hemp, wool, silk, and nylon. Though various species yield fibre, the chief sources of commercial jute are two Indian species the C. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, much of the raw jute fibres were exported to the United Kingdom. During those periods it had earned its money through jute of East Pakistan, (now called the Bangladesh). Presently Sonali Aansh is one of the largest jute products manufacturers in Bangladesh. Jute is used chiefly to make cloth for wrapping bales of raw cotton, in the preparation of sacks and coarse cloth. They are also woven into curtains, chair coverings, carpets, Hessian cloth very fine threads of jute can be made into imitation silk and also in the making of paper. It is even used in the manufacture of tows, padding splints, filtering, and straining medium. Geographical Source It is mainly found in United States, Russia, Ireland, Northern Europe. It was the chief source for the preparation of cloth fibre till the other fibres like jute and cotton came to market. The manufacture of cloth from flax fibre in Northern Europe dates back to the period of preRomans and it is also believed that the pilgrims were the ones to introduce flax to the United States. This process is done by three methods, that is, microbial (or water), steam, and mechanical process. The microbial or water retting process is the oldest and the popular method employed for the breaking of lignin bond present between parenchyma and sclerenchyma. Then the material is washed dried to release pectin bond which makes the hard skin to fine thread like fibres. Cultivation, Collection, and Preparation Though Eurasia is the native of flax it has been transplanted from its origin to most of the temperate zones of the world due to its favourable climatic condition (cool moist climate) for its cultivation. The most suitable soil for its growth is alluvial soil with deep friable loams, moderately fertile humus-rich soil, and it does not grow well in dry sandy and strong clays. It bares in itself flowers with blue or white colour and these flowers mature into bolls. Each boll consists of 10 seeds, which are sown by the end of March or in early April. The flowers come up in the month of June and the bolls are collected after a month time before they are ripe. Flax should be pulled as soon as the lower part of the plant begins to turn yellow and soon after it is been pulled, it should be tied in bunches and put into water for retting. Standing pools are beneficial for the purpose of retting because it provides better colour and a superior quality in all aspect. Each strand is a collection of polygonal cells which are surrounded by lumen with various sizes. These strands can be separated by treating it with mixture of potassium chloride and nitric acid. Chemical Constituents Jute fibres are composed primarily of the plant materials cellulose and lignin. The branches when put in water it should be tied in small sheaves and immersed firmly with the help of a weight placed above, to facilitate equal and proper watering. In warm condition, watering process is sufficient for 10 days with proper and timely examination of the pools (after the seventh day), to check if the flax are rotten. It often happens that by the twelfth day the flax get rot irrespective of the climatic condition and it is advised to have less amount of water than excess quantity. After retting, the stems are washed and allowed to dry on grass and beaten using a machine scutched; to separate the fibres from other material and to crush the pith. The bark remaining after the process of beating is then subjected finally for combing (hackling) for the removal of traces of nonfibrous matter like wood and parenchyma and parallel pericyclic fibres are obtained. The history of China has in its credit of having a Hemp textile production even before 4,500 B. During this period Hemp became a major crop and till 1920s about 80% of clothing was made from Hemp textiles. Traditionally, Hemp was processed by hand, which required huge labour and was costly. By 1930, due to the tough competition by the other varieties of hemp imported by Philippines and Mexico, the hemp production by United States had fell to less than 200 acres. Microscopy the flakes are a collection of 20 fibres, which are joined to each other through their pointed ends. The individual fibres when observed under the microscope show cells which are of polygonal. Flax fibre is also utilized as raw material for the high-quality paper industry for the purpose of printed currency notes and cigarette paper. Due to its high tensile strength, bast fibres are ideal for such specialized paper products as: tea bags, industrial filters, currency paper, or cigarette paper. The raw materials are imported from China, Hungary, America, Germany, Switzerland, Australia, Canada, France, and Norway. When she touched it with her fingers, the silk came out and surrounded her finger. When the full silk had come out, she saw the small cocoon inside it; which was responsible for the formation of silk. It is even said that the Chinese princess smuggled eggs to Japan by hiding them in her hair and thus they began their love affair with silk. Due to its captivity for thousands of years, Bombyx mori is fully domesticated and cannot survive without the support of mankind. The cocoon is made of a single continuous thread of raw silk from 300 to 900 metre long. One pound of silt can be made from about 2,000 to 3,000 cocoons, and it is estimated that almost 70 million pound of raw silk are produced each year. It requires about 1 billion pounds of mulberry leaves to produced 7 million pounds of raw silk and one pound of silk is almost equivalent to 1,000 miles of filament. The females lay nearly 500 eggs and these eggs are stored till further requirement is wanted. Description Colour Size Appearance Solubility Extra features Yellow 5 to 25 microns in diameter and 1,200 metre in length Fine, solid, smooth to touch Soluble in cuoxam, in cold dilute sulphuric acid. Fibrion is soluble in warm water and on hydrolysis yields two main amino acids, glycine and alanine. Uses Silk is used pharmaceutically in the preparation of sutures, sieves, and ligatures. When the colour of their heads changes darker, it indicates that the time for them to moult has come. During this period it takes four moulds and their body turns slightly yellow reaching a size of 4 cm long. The silk-worm finally eats a meal which is about twenty to twenty five times its weight of leaves and attains a size of 9 cm length and 10 mm thick. The skin becomes tight and all these symptoms indicate that it is going to cover itself with a silky cocoon. If the caterpillar is left to eat its way out of the cocoon naturally, the threads will be cut short and the silk will be useless. Since all the eggs hatch almost Geographical Source the worlds leading producers of wool are Australia (25%), China, and New Zealand (11%), while Turkey, Iran, India, and the United States (Texas, New Mexico) contribute to 2%. History the use of wool for clothing and other fabrics dates back to earliest civilizations. The wool trade was a serious business during medieval times and English wool export had contributed significantly as a source of income to the crown. Smuggling of wool was considered a serious offence and was punished with cutting off the hand. Wool trade had also helped Medicis of Florence in Renaissance in building up their wealth and banking. Preparation Wool is the fibre derived from the hair of animals of the Caprinae family, mainly sheep and goats. The fibre obtained from domestic sheep has two qualities which differentiate it from hair or fur. The amount of crimp is directly proportional with the fineness of the wool fibres and the fine wool (like merino) have up to a 100 crimps per inch, whereas coarser wools (like karakul) have one or two crimps per inch. After shearing, the wool is separated into five main categories: namely fleece, pieces, bellies, crutchings, and locks.
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