Li E antibiotics for dogs at walmart order minomycin 50 mg without a prescription, Guo Y infection 4 weeks after abortion buy generic minomycin 100 mg on-line, Ning Q bacterial infection symptoms buy 100mg minomycin fast delivery, Zhang S antibiotics for urinary tract infection during pregnancy purchase 50 mg minomycin free shipping, Li D 2011 Research for the effect of octylphenol on spermatogenesis and proteomic analysis in octylphenol-treated mice testes. Tanaka T, Morita A, Kato M, Hirai T, Mizoue T, Terauchi Y, Watanabe S, Noda M 2011 Congener-specific polychlorinated biphenyls and the prevalence of diabetes in the 705. Pinto B, Bertoli A, Noccioli C, Garritano S, Reali D, Pistelli L 2008 Estradiol-antagonistic activity of phenolic compounds from leguminous plants. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 7:104 Takano H, Yanagisawa R, Inoue K, Ichinose T, Sadakane K, Yoshikawa T 2006 Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate enhances atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in mice. Bad Bug Book Handbook of Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Introduction Food safety is a complex issue that has an impact on all segments of society, from the general public to government, industry, and academia. Department of Health and Human Services, provides current information about the major known agents that cause foodborne illness. The information provided in this handbook is abbreviated and general in nature, and is intended for practical use. The first includes, for example, a toxin produced by a fungus that has contaminated a food, or a pathogenic bacterium or virus, if the amount present in the food may be injurious to health. An example of the second is the tetrodotoxin that occurs naturally in some organs of some types of pufferfish and that ordinarily will make the fish injurious to health. In either case, foods adulterated with these agents are prohibited from being introduced, or offered for introduction, into interstate commerce. Our scientific understanding of pathogenic microorganisms and their toxins is continually advancing. Our knowledge may advance so rapidly that, in some cases, an organism found to be capable of adulterating food might not yet be listed in this handbook. The agents described in this book range from live pathogenic organisms, such as bacteria, protozoa, worms, and fungi, to non-living entities, such as viruses, prions, and natural toxins. Also included are examples of outbreaks, if applicable; the frequency with which the agent causes illness in the U. In addition, the chapters contain brief overviews of the analytical methods used to detect, isolate, and/or identify the pathogens or toxins. However, while some general survival and inactivation characteristics are included, it is beyond the scope of this book to provide data, such as D and z values, that are used to establish processes for the elimination of pathogenic bacteria and fungi in foods. One reason is that inactivation parameters for a given organism may vary somewhat, depending on a number of factors at the time of measurement. One example is the International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods, the source of a comprehensive book (Microorganisms in Foods 5. Characteristics of Microbial Pathogens) on the heat resistance (D and z values) of foodborne pathogens in various food matrices, as well as data on survival and growth in many foods, including data on water activity and pH. A few new chapters have been added, reflecting increased interest in certain microorganisms as foodborne pathogens or as potential sources of toxins. Another new feature is the brief section for consumers that appears in each chapter and is set apart from the main text. These sections provide highlights of information, about the microbe or toxin, that will be of interest to consumers, as well as information and links regarding safe foodhandling practices. A glossary for consumers is included at the end of the book, separately from the technical glossary. At the end of selected chapters about pathogenic microorganisms, hypertext links are included to relevant Entrez abstracts and GenBank genetic loci. A separate "consumer box" in each chapter provides nontechnical information, in everyday language. The boxes describe plainly what can make you sick and, more important, how to prevent it.
There may be days antimicrobial bedding buy generic minomycin 100mg online, or even weeks or months bacteria with flagella list cheap minomycin 50mg with visa, during which you may not be able to engage in your normal exercise routine generic antibiotics for sinus infection minomycin 100mg on line. When you are not up to your normal routine antibiotics and period minomycin 50 mg without a prescription, you may want to consider other gentle forms of exercise such as qi gong, tai chi, or yoga. See Chapter 13, Mind-Body Medicine and Spiritual Healing for more information on these forms of exercise. The grade of steatosis (fat in the liver) decreased in all seven patients, and the fibrosis score was reduced in three of the seven patients. What is normal is different for everyone, but according to a study by researchers at Wilkes University, sexual activity can benefit your immune system. Many people find thinking of themselves as sexual beings, regardless of whether or not they participate in sexual activity, helps them develop a greater ability to enjoy life. The feelings we have when we are sexually aware are sufficient to alleviate a variety of physical and emotional ills. As a form of physical exercise, sexual activity helps trigger endorphin release creating a more positive attitude. Sexual activity allows you to relax and, at least for a time, to forget about some of your troubles. Your sexuality can go a long way toward enhancing the healing process and creating an environment for a better functioning immune system. There is an almost universal concern about passing the virus on to others through sexual activity. This means using latex condoms correctly and consistently with every sexual encounter. If it is applicable to your situation, talk with your healthcare provider about whether you should avoid certain sexual practices such as rough sex, "high risk" sexual activities, and sex while menstruating. Stress can suppress the immune system, which may cause you to be more vulnerable to disease. Your stress may be compounded by the fact that you may never know how, when, or where the infection occurred since most people are not diagnosed until well after the initial infection. Stress-reduction techniques such as warm baths, yoga, meditation, visualization, and/or keeping a journal can help soothe your soul and thereby strengthen your immune system. Asking questions and trying to understand as much as you can about hepatitis C can also go a long way toward reducing your stress level. Without knowledge, you run the risk of having your decisions controlled by fear and misinformation. Regardless of how well-informed you are, there will be times when fear and stress dominate your thought processes. These feelings make it difficult to concentrate on the important issues you need to focus on to make informed decisions about your health and ultimately, your life. It is in those times of fear and stress when it most important to realize you are not alone. Many people turn to friends, loved ones, and personal advisors during times of stress. If you do not already have a trusted support network of friends, advisors, and mentors, you may want to consider developing such a network. If you choose to pursue this option, seek out people with whom you can openly share your experiences and feelings. Look for people with whom you can speak freely, and from whom you can gain information and insight. You may also want to consider pursuing individual counseling with a mental health professional or clergy member. These people can further help you adjust to the new realities of your life with hepatitis C. Chapter 4: Understanding Hepatitis C Disease - Section 2: Promoting Liver Health voking discussions. You can gain much useful information from others who are facing similar circumstances. If you are feeling overwhelmed by your situation, we strongly urge you to ask for help. Many people are available to help make your situation more manageable and tolerable. Prescription Medicines and Over-The-Counter Drugs Some prescription medicines and over-the-counter drugs have toxic effects on the liver. Acetaminophen taken in quantities over the recommended or prescribed amount can cause liver failure, even in people with a healthy liver. A partial list of common brand name products that contain acetaminophen is shown below. Always read the label to see if the medication you are about to take contains acetaminophen. Several books written for people with hepatitis C contain excellent lists of prescription drugs about which people with hepatitis C need to be aware. Street Drugs and Other Recreational Drugs People with hepatitis C need to be very cautious about taking drugs of any kind. Some drugs are hepatotoxic meaning they have the potential to directly damage the liver. Many other drugs suppress the immune system even if they are not directly hepatotoxic. For example, marijuana is not hepatotoxic but it is immunosuppressive and carcinogenic. Carcinogens induce chemical changes in the body that can eventually lead to cancer. People with hepatitis C are already at increased risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer). A recent study showed that daily marijuana (cannabis) smoking is significantly associated with fibrosis progression during chronic hepatitis C. This may cause the effects of drugs to be intensified, increasing the possibility of an overdose. Tobacco We know the far-reaching dangers of tobacco use including lung cancer, head and neck cancer, mouth cancer, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and other conditions. Tobacco contains much more than nicotine, the addictive substance that hooks people into long-term use. During the manufacturing process, many other chemicals are added to all forms of tobacco including cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco, and chew. Keeping your body free of tobacco is one important way to help preserve your liver health. Toxic Chemicals Every chemical we are exposed to has the potential to stress the liver. Repeated exposure to the following highly toxic chemicals should be rigorously avoided. Chapter 4: Understanding Hepatitis C Disease - Section 2: Promoting Liver Health organophosphorous pesticides paints petroleum-based chemicals such as gasoline and diesel fuel radioactive substances solvents Vaccines In general, people with chronic hepatitis C should be vaccinated against hepatitis A and hepatitis B. The exceptions would be people who have already had (or currently) have these viruses. There are other exceptions as well, but this is a very important topic to discuss with your doctor. Protecting yourself against hepatitis A and hepatitis B will prevent the potentially serious complications that may occur if you are infected with more than one of the hepatitis viruses. Talk with your doctor about whether you need to be vaccinated against hepatitis A and hepatitis B as soon as possible. At the same time, discuss whether you need to be immunized against other infectious diseases as well such as pneumonia and influenza. Summary Regular exercise, adequate sleep, and a positive attitude can help promote liver health. Avoiding addictive substances and environmental toxins will also help keep your liver healthy. Behaviors that enhance your immune system should be practiced every chance you get.
Part 2: Hepatitis C Treatment and Management Approaches these chapters cover treatment options for chronic hepatitis C bacteria xanthomonas buy cheap minomycin 50mg on line. Some treatment options have been evaluated in clinical trials or other research studies to determine their effectiveness antibiotic ear drops for dogs buy 50 mg minomycin with mastercard. We have included information about the evidence to support the use of a given treatment if available antibiotics for sinus infection how long does it take to work buy discount minomycin 50mg line. Overall antibiotic with food purchase 100 mg minomycin with amex, evidence from clinical trials is considered to be stronger than anecdotal evidence. Part 3: Other Topics for People Living with Hepatitis C these chapters cover topics of concern to specific populations affected by chronic hepatitis C, and other issues of interest to people living with hepatitis C. Other people prefer to have their healthcare providers make treatment decisions based on their knowledge and expertise. Some prefer having a friend or family member seek out and sort through information. Many people make lifestyle changes, while others do not make such choices for personal reasons. Knowing these things will help you make healthcare decisions that best suit your personality. We hope Hepatitis C Choices will help you understand your disease and some of the healthcare options available to you. Knowledge empowers you to ask the necessary questions to become your own best advocate. When your questions have been asked and answered, you and your healthcare providers will be in the best possible situation to determine the best treatment approach for you. Knowing Your Options You have the right to advocate for yourself to receive the best possible treatment regardless of the source of payment for your healthcare. In the past, people with chronic hepatitis C often found they had few treatment options and limited opportunity to participate in their own healthcare decisions. Increasingly, healthcare providers and the public are interested in changing this legacy. Being an informed consumer and knowing your rights are particularly important when you are looking for healthcare that is not only of good quality, but also fits your personal needs. This is even more important if you intend to combine or integrate several healing approaches in your hepatitis C treatment plan. Regaining Control the day before your hepatitis C diagnosis, you were probably able to say what you hoped to be doing in the near future. The day after your diagnosis, you may have felt that something else had suddenly taken control of your life. The process of regaining control begins with learning about your disease and your treatment options. Many people newly diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C are relieved to find that it may not be necessary to make an immediate decision about treatment. If your hepatitis C has not progressed significantly and you stop drinking alcohol, you may never have to make a decision about aggressive therapy. Some people with chronic hepatitis C stay healthy by making lifestyle changes in addition to not drinking alcohol. Chapter 1: How to Use Choices have a profound effect on their health and well-being. Regardless of your current disease status, drinking and hepatitis C infection are a dangerous mix. How you go about maintaining your health, and whomever you decide to consult for your healthcare is up to you. However, we urge you to gather information about the different treatment options you are considering. This will help you make informed decisions about what options are best suited to your treatment goals and personality. The purpose in creating Hepatitis C Choices was not to advocate for one treatment approach over another, but to encourage you to carefully look at all of your options. Chronic hepatitis C is often a progressive disease, so your options may change over time. The healthcare provider you choose to see is not nearly as important as having a consistent approach to follow your disease. It is important to realize that unless your blood and liver are examined periodically, you cannot know if your disease is progressing. We encourage you to decide on your treatment goals and discuss all your options and concerns with your healthcare providers. Choosing healthcare providers you are comfortable speaking with will help you work together as a team. Making decisions that are right for you will make your choices easier to incorporate into your life. It is very important to inform each of your healthcare providers about all of the treatment approaches you are using. This is particularly important if you choose an integrative medicine approach that involves healthcare providers or treatments from several different medical disciplines. Hepatitis C Choices was created to help you become the best possible advocate for your own healthcare. We hope it provides useful information to help you make treatment and lifestyle choices that are right for you. We strongly encourage you to continue to explore your treatment and lifestyle options, and to gather as much information as you need. Doing so can help you make the best possible decisions for your healthcare and your life. An Important Note to the Reader this book was created to provide information about a wide variety of approaches to the treatment and management of chronic hepatitis C. The Caring Ambassadors Hepatitis C Program and the authors of Hepatitis C Choices believe access to good information leads to better decisions. It is critical that you consult your healthcare provider about any matter concerning your health, particularly with regard to new or changing symptoms that may require medical attention. Therefore, each chapter reflects the unique approach to the treatment of hepatitis C of its author, based on his or her medical discipline and experience. For this reason, an author is responsible only for the accuracy of the information presented in his or her chapter or section. No author can confirm the accuracy of the information presented in any other chapter or section. The unifying characteristic of the Hepatitis C Medical Team is a willingness to listen and evaluate the diverse viewpoints and treatment options available to people with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatitis C Choices evolved from a consensus within the Hepatitis C Medical Team that a single resource describing the various modalities of treatment available would be useful to people with hepatitis C. Cooperation and open discussion are key components of the interaction among members of the Hepatitis C Medical Team, though individual members remain aligned with their own discipline. Recent studies of pegylated interferon plus ribavirin report overall sustained responses in 50% to 60% of those treated. In other words, 50% to 60% of people receiving this treatment remain virus-free and are considered cured. We strongly encourage anyone who has significant fibrosis on liver biopsy to be followed closely for evidence of disease progression. This should include a medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. People with cirrhosis need to be monitored for clinical and biochemical deterioration, and considered for referral to a liver transplant center. If liver failure occurs, liver transplantation counseling should be sought immediately. Regular screening for the development of liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) should be part of any ongoing hepatitis C management plan. What is right for you will depend on the status of your disease, the health of your liver, your age, lifestyle, treatment goals, and many other factors. We encourage you to carefully assess the information provided here and elsewhere, and to work with your healthcare providers to choose treatment approaches that meet your individual needs and goals. The prevalence of hepatitis C in high-risk populations has not been thoroughly studied.
You may find you cannot concentrate for long periods of time antibiotics for uti in early pregnancy buy minomycin 100mg free shipping, or may notice your thought processes seem slower than usual infection skin order 50 mg minomycin otc. You may have a hard time coming up with words you want to say antibiotic 500g generic 50mg minomycin with visa, or may just feel mentally tired global antibiotic resistance journal discount 100 mg minomycin with mastercard. Always discuss cognitive changes with your doctor as they may or may not be related to hepatitis C. Some of the symptoms of depression include: y sleeping more or less than usual y eating more or less than usual y hopelessness y helplessness y irritability y lack of interest in your usual activities y feelings of sadness and/or despair most of the time If you have one or more of these symptoms, you may have depression. Depression can seriously interfere with your quality of life and make it difficult for you to take care of yourself. If you have any of the symptoms of depression, talk to your healthcare provider right away. Others experience dizziness as disorientation, or feeling as if the world is spinning around them. If you are experiencing dizziness, talk with your healthcare provider because this can be not only troublesome but also dangerous. If you are having headaches, talk to your healthcare provider before taking any medicines for your headaches because some over-the-counter pain medicines can be harmful to your liver. Mood swings may be related to depression, anxiety, or the medications you are taking. Most people with numbness or tingling feel it in their fingers and toes, but it may extend into the arms and legs. Peripheral vision, the ability to see things that are at the sides of your view, can also be diminished. Some people report seeing small specks called "floaters" moving across their view. Another symptom you may experience is dryness of the eyes, or feeling as if there is something scratchy in your eyes. High blood sugar causes symptoms such as extreme thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and weight loss. The symptoms of low blood sugar are worst when you have not eaten for several hours, and are relieved by eating or drinking something. If you are having any of the symptoms of either high or low blood sugar, tell your healthcare provider right away. Menopausal women may experience an increase in menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes and mood swings. You may feel your heart is beating harder or faster than usual, or that it is beating irregularly. If you have palpitations, you need to tell your healthcare provider immediately so he or she can make sure you are not having a problem with your heart. SexuAl ChAnGeS Some people with hepatitis C have a decreased interest in sexual activity. Decreased sexual response and lack of intensity of sexual response have also been reported. If you are experiencing sexual changes, talk with your healthcare provider, and your spouse or partner. There are things that you, your healthcare provider, and your partner can do to help you have a satisfying sex life. Because blood cannot flow well through a cirrhotic liver, blood backs up in the vessels leading to the liver. This back up leads to an increase in pressure in those blood vessels, a condition known as portal hypertension. The liver has many functions, so there are a number of things that can go wrong when the liver is not functioning normally. Abnormal liver function causes the other signs and symptoms of hepatitis C with cirrhosis. This can be experienced as bloating or a feeling of persistent fullness in the gut. If you have a cirrhotic liver and begin bleeding for any reason, it may be difficult to get the bleeding stopped. If you are experiencing easy bruising, tell your healthcare provider because this symptom can often be reversed with appropriate treatment. Varices are enlarged, fragile veins found where the esophagus (the tube that takes food from your mouth to your stomach) meets the stomach. If you have cirrhosis and begin to vomit blood, you must call an ambulance and get to an emergency room as soon as possible to get the bleeding stopped. If you have glossitis, your tongue will be redder than usual and will be sensitive to salty and sour foods, and carbonated beverages. If the bleeding persists or is frequent, be sure to discuss it with your healthcare provider. Chapter 5: Signs and Symptoms That May Be Associated with Hepatitis C ops over a period of days to weeks, or it can occur in a chronic form that develops over a period of months to years. A number of different symptoms may indicate hepatic encephalopathy, but all of them indicate abnormalities of the nervous system. Early symptoms include euphoria (feeling unusually happy for no apparent reason), depression, confusion, slurred speech, or abnormal sleeping patterns. If these symptoms are not treated, they can progress to severe confusion, incoherent speech, tremors, and rigidity. With the acute form of hepatic encephalopathy, treatment will usually reverse all of the symptoms. If this occurs, be certain to talk about it with your healthcare provider because this symptom is often reversible. Some people experience this symptom only at night; others experience it during the day as well. The presence of fat in the stool makes the stool smell particularly bad and causes it to float in the toilet bowl. Steatorrhea is usually accompanied by an increased amount of stool and intestinal gas. XanthelaSma Xanthelasmas are small deposits of fat just under the surface of the skin around your eyes. Xanthoma Xanthomas are small deposits of fat just under the surface of the skin over your joints and/or tendons. Summary the experience of living with hepatitis C is quite different from one person to another. At other times, you may feel overwhelmed by signs and symptoms associated with hepatitis C. And there will likely be still other times when you feel somewhere in between these two states. Below are a few things you may find helpful to keep in mind about your signs and symptoms as you learn to live with hepatitis C. There are many ways to treat the signs and symptoms associated with hepatitis C, so there is no need to suffer in silence. Caring Ambassadors Hepatitis C Choices: 4th Edition you may experience as new signs or symptoms. Although many of the signs and symptoms associated with hepatitis C can be troubling, they do not necessarily mean your liver disease is getting worse. Fauci A, Braunwald E, Isselbacher K, Wilson J, Martin J, Kasper D, Hauser S, Longo D, eds. It performs many jobs including: y production of proteins, cholesterol, bile, heme, and other substances y regulation of fats in the body y activation of vitamins and drugs y detoxification of harmful chemicals With all of these important jobs, many things can potentially go wrong if the liver is damaged. This chapter describes some of the most common laboratory tests used to diagnose and/or monitor chronic hepatitis C. Your healthcare provider will consider your symptoms and disease status in deciding what tests you need and when they should be done.
It also explores the challenges primary care physicians face in caring for those currently living with dementia and in meeting the future care needs of an aging U antibiotic journal articles order minomycin 100 mg with mastercard. This report concludes with recommendations to address these shortages and challenges so more Americans have access to dementia care virus jamaica generic 50mg minomycin amex. The same study found that one year after diagnosis best antibiotics for mild acne buy minomycin 100 mg amex, less than a quarter of patients had seen a dementia specialist antibiotics c diff discount minomycin 50 mg with visa. After five years, the percentage of patients who had seen a dementia specialist had only increased to 36%. At the same time, however, the workforce to care for the older population is currently, and is likely to continue to be, inadequate. According to the National Center for Health Workforce Analysis598, there was already a shortage of geriatricians in 2013, and although a modest increase in supply was projected by 2025, it was not expected to meet demand. Trends in medical training also point to a growing shortage of geriatricians into the future. Table 18 shows state-by-state projections for the number of geriatricians needed in 2050. However, the number must increase nine times to have enough geriatricians to care for the 30% of the population age 65 and older estimated by the National Center for Health Workforce Analysis to need geriatrician care. Similar analyses also show large projected needs for neurologists, geriatric psychiatrists and neuropsychologists, specialists who provide critical expertise in dementia diagnosis and care. In contrast, 14 states need to at least quintuple the number of Who Diagnoses and Provides Medical Care? In this report, we focus on primary care physicians (family medicine, internal medicine, general practice) and specialists such as geriatricians, neurologists, geriatric psychiatrists and neuropsychologists. Given the complexity of diagnosing and managing treatment for people living with dementia, there is general agreement that having a robust workforce of specialists would be ideal to optimize their care. However, the shortage of such specialists means that the major responsibility for diagnosing and treating people living with dementia lies with primary care physicians. For example, one recent study597 found that the vast majority of older Americans diagnosed with dementia never see a dementia care specialist and are overwhelmingly diagnosed and cared for by non-specialists. The 30% column shows how many geriatricians will be needed to serve the 30% of people age 65 and older in 2050 who need geriatrician care, regardless of whether they have dementia, according to the National Center for Health Workforce Analysis. The survey also demonstrated that the topic of dementia is one that comes up frequently during patient visits. However more than one in five (21%) reported having fewer than 20 hours of dementia coursework during medical school. During their clinical training in medical school, they reported seeing an average of just 20 patients with dementia. On average, recent residents saw and helped 50 patients with dementia during their residency training. However, they were only involved in diagnostic workup for 10 people with dementia who were undiagnosed when initially seen. Only 18% of recent residents report feeling "very prepared" to provide dementia care in practice, compared with 82% who feel "somewhat," "not very" or "not at all" prepared. Similar responses were found among recent medical school graduates (99%) and recent residents (100%). These same three areas also ranked as most important in the surveys of recent medical school graduates and recent residents. Nearly a third (31%) say the current options are difficult to access, and half (49%) say there are too few options for continuing education and training on dementia care. One way to address shortages in the workforce is through scholarship and loan forgiveness programs offered by federal and state governments. Studies have found that loan repayment programs are correlated with increasing the number of physicians practicing in rural areas601 and directly influence the decision of osteopathic medical graduates to become primary care physicians. Another approach to bridging the gap is to expand collaborative and coordinated care programs, which rely heavily on non-specialists. Pilot programs for individuals with dementia have reduced hospital and emergency room visits502,608 and nursing home placement. After one year in the program, 58% of people living with dementia and 63% of their caregivers showed clinical benefit on validated instruments,508 and the gross savings to Medicare on an annual basis totaled $2,404 per patient per year. And among 780 individuals with dementia who participated in the Care Ecosystem - which uses a trained navigator, an advanced practice nurse, a social worker and a pharmacist - there were 120 fewer emergency room visits, 16 fewer ambulance use events, and 13 fewer hospitalizations than would otherwise be expected over a 12-month period. The severity of these needs requires solutions that develop the specialty workforce while also improving capacity in primary care. Respondents who answered affirmatively were then asked about the health problems of the person for whom they provided care. The 26% figure was applied to the total number of caregivers nationally and in each state, resulting in a total of 16. Random selections of telephone numbers from landline and cell phone exchanges throughout the United States were conducted. A general population weight was used to adjust for number of adults in the household and telephone usage; the second stage of this weight balanced the sample to estimated U. The resulting interviews comprise a probabilitybased, nationally representative sample of U. Detailed information on the model, its long-term projections and its methodology are available at alz. Of the 1,000 respondents of the survey, 18% spent less than 90% of their professional time in direct patient care, while 82% spent between 90 and 100% of their time in direct patient care. Twenty-nine percent of respondents had been in practice for 10-19 years, 28% for 20-29 years, 24% for 35 years or more, and 19% for fewer than 10 years. Eighty-three percent had office-based practices, and 14% had hospital-based practices. Fifty percent had a primary medical specialty of family medicine, 47% specialized in internal medicine, and three percent were general practitioners. Thirty-four percent of respondents practiced in the South, 25% in the West, 22% in the Midwest and 19% in the Northeast. Ninety-seven percent of respondents were under age 40 and three percent were age 40-49. Sixty-eight percent had a primary medical specialty of internal medicine, 31% specialized in family medicine, and less than one percent were general practitioners. Thirty-two percent of respondents were in residency in the South, 25% in the Northeast, 23% in the Midwest and 20% in the West. Of the 200 respondents of the survey, 43% spent less than 90% of their professional time in direct patient care, while 57 percent spent between 90 and 100% of their time in direct patient care. Fifty-eight percent had finished residency and begun an independent practice within the last year, and 42% had done so within the last two years. Sixty-one percent had office-based practices, and 34% had hospital-based practices. Fifty-seven percent had a primary medical specialty of family medicine, 42% specialized in internal medicine, and one percent were general practitioners. Thirty-one percent of respondents practiced in the South, 27% in the West, 25% in the Midwest and 16% in the Northeast. To estimate total hours of training from the survey data, it was assumed that each one-week block of coursework involved 45 hours of classroom and study time. Other formats for additional training in dementia: Additional responses, ranked by the percentage of participants who selected that choice, are detailed below. Participants were allowed to select more than one answer, so percentages do not add up to 100. Own research to learn about the topic (17%); in medical school (15%); lectures (including grand rounds, noon conferences, etc. Other reasons for not pursuing additional training in dementia diagnosis and care: Additional responses, ranked by the percentage of participants who selected that choice, are detailed below. Stages of the pathologic process in Alzheimer disease: age categories from 1 to 100 years. Mixed neuropathologies and estimated rates of clinical progression in a large autopsy sample.
Lucaya J, Sancho C, Bonnin J, Tormo R. Syndrome of multiple mucosal neuromas, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and pheochromocytoma: cause of colon diverticula in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1979;133:1186-1187.
Chun AL, Ruzich JV, Wein AJ, et al: Functional and pharmacological effects of ureteral diversion, J Urol 141(2):403n407, 1989.
Fowler B, Kraus J, Packman S, Rosenberg LE. Homocystinuria: evidence for three distinct classes of cystathionine beta-synthetase mutants in cultured fibroblasts. J Clin Invest 1978; 61:645.
Stevens PA, Pettenazzo A, Brasch F, et al. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, alveolar proteinosis, and abnormal proprotein trafficking resulting from a spontaneous mutation in the surfactant protein C gene. Pediatr Res 2005;57:89-98.
Hotchkiss RS, Karl IE: The pathophysiology and treatment of sepsis, N Engl J Med 348(2):138n150, 2003.
Pinsky MR, Gur S, Tracey AJ, et al: The effects of chronic 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor (dutasteride) treatment on rat erectile function, J Sex Med 8(11):3066n3074, 2011.
Salahuddin N, Zafar A, Sukhyani L, et al. Reducing ventilator-associated pneumonia rates through a staff education programme. J Hosp Infect. 2004;57:223-227.
