Director of the Electrophysiology Fellowship Program
Richard M. Ross Heart Hospital
Professor, Internal Medicine
The Ohio State University Medical Center
The suspect may be compelled to speak for voice identification if all participants are required to state the same words or phrases arrhythmia in cats order hyzaar 50mg otc. Lineup participants should be required to speak in the order of their lineup number arteria alveolaris superior posterior buy generic hyzaar 50mg. None of the lineup participants prehypertension at 36 weeks pregnant 50mg hyzaar, including the suspect blood pressure when pregnant effective 50mg hyzaar, should be required to identify himself/herself individually when being viewed by the witnesses hypertension 24 hour urine test purchase hyzaar 50 mg. The numbers 1 through 6 shall be assigned to these persons in any reasonable manner arrhythmia ultrasound buy cheap hyzaar 50 mg on line. After being brought into the lineup room, the participants and the suspect shall be formed in a straight line about a foot apart. The participants shall be positioned in the lineup in the order of their assigned numbers. The positioning shall be arranged so that the person assigned to position number one will stand to the extreme left of the lineup as it is viewed by the identifying witness. Front and profile (one side) photographs of the lineup participants should be taken and copies should be appended to the appropriate Reports of Investigation. After the identifying witness takes a position where the lineup can be viewed, the witness will be afforded the opportunity to have four views of the persons in the lineup: front, left side, rear and right side. To accomplish this, the persons in the lineup will be required to perform viewing movements. The viewing movements shall be performed at the same time by all persons, in response to the direction of the agent. All other lineup participants will be required to do likewise in numerical order to execute the gestures or poses. Agents should not comment on the validity of an identification made by a lineup witness. The agents participating in the lineup should plan their respective responsibilities. Agent(s) controlling the members of the lineup shall bring the members into the lineup room and establish the lineup formation. He/she shall then stand away from the lineup and advises the other agent that the lineup is ready. The identifying witness shall then be brought into the lineup room or to the viewing window. At this point, the agent controlling the members of the lineup shall direct the members to execute the prescribed viewing movements, pausing between commands. After completion of the movements, and any required voice identification, gesturing, etc. The agent controlling the identifying witness should then ask the question: "Do you recognize anyone After the person has stepped forward, the agent controlling the witness should ask the witness the question: "Do you identify that (the person who stepped forward) individual In the event of a positive identification, the witness should be asked to execute a signed, sworn statement setting forth the reasons for the identification. Care should be taken to segregate the witnesses during the lineup so that they are unaware of the reactions of the other witnesses. It is recognized that in some instances local police facilities and personnel might have to be used to conduct a lineup. In that event, efforts should be taken to assure that the procedures used by the local authorities substantially conform to the procedures outlined above. If a suspect refuses to participate or refuses to perform required acts in the lineup (utter certain words, perform certain acts), he/she should be informed that he/she has no right to refuse. The defendant may be informed that evidence of his/her refusal might be used against at trial. If the suspect continues to refuse, consideration should be given to obtaining a military or a court order to compel participation, or employing photographic identification procedures. When probable cause for arrest is not present, or when an arrest is not desirable, these possibilities are available to compel the suspect to appear in a lineup: (1) Court Order. District judge seeking an order compelling the suspect to appear at a designated place and time for a lineup. The affidavit should contain facts establishing grounds to believe that a federal offense has been committed, there is reason to suspect that the person named or described in the affidavit committed the offense, and the results of the lineup will be of material aid in determining whether the person named in the affidavit committed the offense. Attorney may be requested to ask the Federal grand jury for a subpoena directing the suspect to appear in a lineup at a designated time and place. Military suspects may be ordered by their Commanding Officer or a senior in the military chain of command to appear in a lineup. Any suggestions or objections made by the defense attorney or the suspect should be noted, as should all words of identification used by the viewing witness in making the identification. When the lineup is shown to more than one witness, the appropriate information for each witness, i. If a suspect is apprehended or placed in temporary detention shortly after the commission of an offense, witnesses in the general area of the offense, for identification purposes, may confront him/her singly. The single suspect confrontation should take place within minutes, no more than two hours, of the offense. Although suggestive and done without the presence of counsel, the single suspect confrontation can be a lawful identification. The courts consider it reliable where the victim or witness had ample opportunity to view the suspect at the time of the crime, provided a detailed, accurate description of the suspect and the confrontation occurs within minutes of the offense. In apprehension situations, preference should be given to foregoing the single suspect confrontation in favor of a formal lineup. If staging a lineup will cause a substantial delay in the identification attempt thus reducing the reliability of the identification or is impracticable under the circumstances, the single suspect confrontation may be used. Because single suspect confrontations are inherently suggestive, agents should take all reasonable steps to assure that confrontations between suspects and eyewitnesses are accomplished as fairly as possible, with a minimum of suggestiveness. These procedures may assist in reducing the suggestiveness of a singlesuspect confrontation: (1) Circumstances of Viewing. Agents may be able to arrange the circumstances of viewing to reduce suggestiveness. For example, the suspect may be positioned with several agents who are not known to the witnesses. Agents should avoid telling witnesses about the status of the investigation or the details of the apprehension of the suspect. The witness merely should be informed that a person who fits the description of the suspect has been detained for investigation. Agents should question witnesses so as to avoid suggesting that the person stopped has been arrested or is the perpetrator of the offense. Agents should not comment on the validity of an identification made by a witness during a single suspect confrontation. If a suspect found in the general vicinity of the offense shortly after its commission is arrested/apprehended, the confrontation may take place either at the place of arrest/apprehension, the scene of the offense, or any appropriate place. If a person found in the general vicinity of a crime shortly after its commission is placed in temporary detention, the confrontation should take place at the location of the stop, assuming suitable lighting and safety conditions exist. Unless special circumstances exist or the suspect voluntarily consents, the suspect should not be transported to the scene of the offense or to another location for viewing. If there are several witnesses to the offense, consideration should be given to only one or two separately viewing the single suspect. If the suspect is taken into custody, a lineup may be arranged for the witnesses who did not view the suspect in the confrontation. A suspect who appears in a single-suspect confrontation has no right to be represented by counsel at the confrontation. It is not necessary for any suspect to execute a lineup waiver during a single suspect confrontation. If a line-up is contemplated after preferral or confinement, the regular line-up procedures would be followed. Therefore, a suspect has no right to counsel during the display of photographs to witnesses. Pictures displayed to witnesses can be made available to the trial court at the time of trial. These techniques are provided to assist in that regard: (1) Number of Photographs. Arrange the photographs so as to leave only the face visible and to block out any identification numbers or letters which suggest prior arrest/apprehension (as in booking photos). Attempt to obtain photographs of persons who resemble each other in terms of physical and racial characteristics as much as possible. Ask each witness not to discuss his or her identification of the suspect with the other witnesses. Agents should not indicate in any manner which photograph is that of the suspect or comment on the status of the investigation or the validity of the identification. A written record of photographic displays, for the purpose of identifying a suspect, should be made and attached to the Report of Investigation reporting the photographic lineup. Except where wholly impracticable, the record should include the following: (1) Record of Photographs - All photographs shown to any witnesses for the purpose of identifying a suspect should be made a matter of record. This is done by making a photographic (or superior xerographic) copy of the lineup photographs and appending copies to the appropriate Reports of Investigation. In the event identification is made, the original lineup photographs should also be entered into the evidence custody system. Identifying information on persons represented in each photograph should be maintained, if known. The presence of any marks, scratches, folds, writings, or other notable physical characteristics on the photographs should be recorded. The name and address of the witness to whom the photographs were displayed should be noted. The name of the agent who observed or participated in the photo display should be recorded. A signed, sworn statement should be taken from each witness who makes a positive identification in a photographic lineup. The Juvenile Delinquency Act does not bar juveniles from being photographed or fingerprinted providing the files are safeguarded from disclosure. The following rules apply to the disclosure of these records: (1) Fingerprints and photographs of juveniles who are prosecuted as adults shall be made available in the manner applicable to adults. It is sufficient to report the date and place of the lineup and the results of the lineup stated in terms of a positive, indeterminate, or negative identification of the suspect by the viewing witness. The results of a single suspect confrontation shall be reported in detail, utilizing an Investigative Action: Single-Suspect Confrontation. Secret Service regarding individuals and organizations that pose a possible threat to officials for whom the Secret Service has protective responsibility. Such acts may include black-marketing, drug trafficking, theft of arms and ammunition from U. The documentation will include the name, position, organization and response of the person briefed and the date of the briefing. In those resolved investigations identifying civilians, corporations or companies as suspects, similar documentation of the prosecutive referral is required. Referral of investigations to the Department of Justice of crimes involving Classified or Sensitive programs will be affected without prior coordination or referral to the local United States Attorney. The policy set forth in this section is published as directed by the Department of Defense Inspector General Criminal Investigations Policy Memorandum Number 2. Declinations where prosecution standards were not met: "The facts evidence a degree of criminal misconduct on the part of (subject(s)). This declination should not be construed by your agency or command in such a way as to preclude consideration of other available criminal, civil, contractual and administrative remedies. As the victim of the alleged offense(s), it appears appropriate for your agency or command to consider initiating other available remedies. These remedies should be discussed with the civilian or military attorneys assigned to your agency or command. Other Declinations: "The facts as developed to date do not merit criminal prosecution against (subject(s)) by this office because [sic]. This declination should not be construed by your agency or command in such a way as to preclude consideration of civil, contractual, and administrative remedies. The facts are sufficient to warrant consideration of these other available remedies, and they should be discussed with the civilian or military attorneys assigned to your agency or command. The assigned investigator should be prepared to assist the prosecutor in preparing the specific written statement. This may include the preparation of a draft statement, if so directed by the prosecutor. The case category relative to the offense for which the suspect was arrested will be utilized for all investigations initiated for the sole purpose of obtaining details and/or dispositions of current civil arrests. The investigation should include obtaining copies of police reports if available or interviews of arresting officers if necessary. A details and disposition investigation will not be initiated to pursue information surfaced during the course of an ongoing criminal investigation. In those cases when a command does request disposition the case must be left open until the court action is completed and the disposition is obtained. If at the time of the initial request for details and disposition of the civil arrest the command desires additional investigative assistance, i. This may occur because no civil charges will be preferred, the charges have been dismissed, or the civil investigation has not been brought to a logical conclusion and the subject is not going to be prosecuted by civil authorities. However, if only details and disposition are requested, then a details and disposition investigation will be initiated regardless of the date of the arrest or the status of the investigation or judicial proceedings. In those instances where there are multiple types of criminal offenses and a criminal vice details and disposition investigation is required, the criminal category used should be for the most serious offenses as determined by the table of maximum punishments contained in the Manual for Courts-Martial. Depending on a number of variables below, this alternative to sending an agent to personally check a record could be an effective timesaver.
On the other hand hypertension prevention and treatment hyzaar 50mg lowest price, the section-by-section analysis states that the statute ``covers only contributions credited to registered lobbyists blood pressure normal range purchase hyzaar 50 mg otc. How should the Commission give content to the statutory requirement that bundling by registrant organizations be disclosed In a statement on the Senate floor blood pressure quiz nursing order hyzaar 50mg mastercard, Senator Feingold stated that ``when two or more lobbyists are jointly involved in providing the same bundled contributions-as for instance pulse pressure generic 50 mg hyzaar overnight delivery, in the case of a fundraising event co-hosted by two or more lobbyists-then each lobbyist is responsible for and should be treated as providing the total amount raised at the event for purposes of applying the applicable threshold to the funds raised by that lobbyist' and for reporting purposes hypertension yahoo purchase hyzaar 50mg without prescription. Thus heart attack left or right buy 50mg hyzaar free shipping, the Commission requests comments on how multiple hosts of a fundraiser should be credited by the reporting committee. For example, if three lobbyist/registrants jointly co-host a fundraiser that raises $20,000 in contributions for Senator X, should each of the three co-hosts be deemed to have raised the entire $20,000 for reporting purposes Should service by an individual on a host committee of a fundraising event serve as ``designation or other means of recognizing that a certain amount of money has been raised by the person' Should honorary titles within the reporting committee be deemed a ``designation or other means of recognizing that a certain amount of money has been raised by the person' Would such an approach encompass individuals who have no actual role in fundraising Further, would any ``other means of recognizing' have to be designated in writing Should the Commission include a similar interpretation in the concept of credited Authorized committees of candidates for the Senate and any other political committees that support only Senate candidates must file their reports with the Secretary of the Senate. As noted above, the proposed rule defines ``covered period' as the semi-annual periods of January 1 through June 30 and July 1 through December 31. The Commission requests comments on the effect of the alternative ``covered period' on report timing. At the fundraiser, five contributors hand checks totaling $10,000 directly to Candidate A. On June 5, Lobbyist/Registrant Z delivers to the authorized committee five checks 7 An individual who occupies a significant position within a campaign may be exempt from the earmarking regulations. In so doing, the Commission is to include a ``requirement that [reporting] committees consult the Web sites maintained by the Secretary of the Senate and the Clerk of the House of Representatives containing information filed pursuant to the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995. The name, mailing address, employer, occupation of each contributor, as well as the date that Lobbyist/Registrant Z received the contributions (February 15) and a notation that it was earmarked through him. As a memo entry, the total amount of contributions forwarded to the committee by Lobbyist/Registrant Z ($6,000) and the date received by the authorized committee (June 5). Thus, the authorized committee disclosed his contributions in a manner similar to hypothetical 1. For example, committees must keep a record and account of each contribution exceeding $50 for three years after filing the report to which the record or account relates. In addition, any person who receives and forwards contributions to any political committee must also forward certain information about the original contributor. Any authorized committee that receives contributions forwarded by a ``conduit' is subject to additional recordkeeping and reporting requirements. Any rules promulgated by the Commission will likely become effective in early 2008, making the first semi-annual reporting period cover January 1 through June 30, 2008. Recordkeeping Current Commission regulations implement certain statutory 8 the same hypothetical applies to a political party committee. Political committees representing the Democratic and Republican parties have a major controlling influence within the political arena and are thus dominant in their field. However, to the extent that any party committees representing major or minor political parties or any other political committees might be considered ``small organizations,' the number that would be affected by this rule is not substantial. Instead, the proposed rules would only require disclosure of further information already held by the political committees affected. Therefore, the proposed rules would not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. The authority citation for part 100 is revised to read as follows: Authority: 2 U. The Commission also requests comments on the timing of the application of the indexing for inflation requirement. Thus, the first semi-annual reporting period would be January 1 through June 30, 2008, and the first quarterly reporting period would be April through June, 2008. Given that 2008 is a ``calendar year after 2007,' should the reporting threshold be indexed in 2008 If so, then the effective reporting threshold would never be $15,000; rather, it would be $15,000 in 2006 (the base period) dollars, as indexed for inflation in 2008. The Commission requests comments on this interpretation of the new law, which is not included in the proposed rule. The basis for this certification is that few, if any, small entities would be affected by these proposals, which apply only to Federal candidates and their campaign committees, political committees established, financed, maintained or controlled by Federal candidates or individuals holding Federal office, and political committees of political parties. Authorized committees of Federal candidates would not be considered small entities under the definition at 5 U. For purposes of this section, lobbyist/registrant means a person who, at the time a contribution is forwarded to , or is received by, a reporting committee, is: (i) A current registrant under Section 4(a) of the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 (2 U. If any amount after the increases under this paragraph (e) is not a multiple of $100, such amount shall be rounded to the nearest multiple of $100. The purpose of this first hearing is to obtain your views about the advisability and possible methods of identifying and implementing compassionate allowances for children and adults with rare diseases. The first hearing will be held on December 4 and December 5, 2007, between 8:45 a. Space limitations and time constraints require hearing attendance to be by invitation only. This notice constitutes a limited reopening of the comment period with respect to children and adults with rare diseases, as well as topics covered at the hearing on December 4 and 5, 2007. We will carefully consider your comments, although we will not respond directly to comments sent in response to this notice or the hearing. Thereafter, we will decide whether to implement the compassionate allowances initiative and, if so, how the initiative will be implemented. Additional Hearings We plan to hold additional hearings on cancers, chronic conditions, and traumatic injuries, and will announce those hearings later with notices in the Federal Register. The rules for determining disability can be very complicated, but some individuals have such serious medical conditions that their conditions obviously meet our disability standards. To better address the needs of these individuals, we are looking into ways to allow benefits as quickly as possible. The 60-day comment period on the overall compassionate allowances initiative ended on October distributions of property after two partnerships engage in an assets-over merger. Assets-Over Partnership Mergers', first full paragraph in the column, line 2, the language ``3(c)(4)(iii) provide that taxpayers may' is corrected to read ``3(a)(9) provide that taxpayers may'. The purpose of these revisions is to ensure the security of vessels, facilities, and the surrounding areas within these zones. Entry into the area encompassed by these revised security zones would be prohibited without permission of the Captain of the Port. Cynthia Grigsby, Senior Federal Register Liaison Officer, Publications and Regulations Branch, Legal Processing Division, Associate Chief Counsel (Procedure and Administration). Petersburg, Prevention Department maintains the public docket for this rulemaking. Comments and material received from the public, as well as documents indicated in this preamble as being available in the docket, will become part of this docket and will be available for inspection or copying at Coast Guard Sector St. We recommend that you include your name and a mailing address, an e-mail address, or a phone number in the body of your document so that we can contact you if we have questions regarding your submission. For example, we may ask you to resubmit your comment if we are not able to read your original submission. These proposed revisions are needed to ensure the security of vessels, facilities, and the surrounding areas within the Captain of the Port Sector St. Authority to create security zones in the Tampa Bay region now resides with the Sector St. If we determine that one would aid this rulemaking, we will hold one at a time and place announced by a later notice in the Federal Register. As noted in the notice of proposed rulemakings for these two final rules, there were a number of temporary security zone rules issued before these two final rules. Persons desiring to transit the area of the security zone may contact the Captain of the Port Sector St. If permission is granted, all persons and vessels must comply with the instructions of the Captain of the Port or his designated representative. A graphical representation of all fixed security zones will be made available via the World Wide Web: homeport. We proposed to add a definition designated representative to the revised paragraph (b). In revised paragraph (c) we have replaced references to the Captain of the Port Tampa with references to Captain of the Port Sector St. We expect the economic impact of this proposed rule to be so minimal that a full Regulatory Evaluation is unnecessary. This proposed rule may have some impact on the public, but these potential impacts will be minimized for the following reasons: There is ample room for vessels to navigate around security zones, and there are several locations for recreational and commercial fishing vessels to fish throughout the Tampa Bay Region. Also, the Captain of the Port may, on a case-by-case basis allow persons or vessels to enter a security zone. The term ``small entities' comprises small businesses, not-for-profit organizations that are independently 62611 owned and operated and are not dominant in their fields, and governmental jurisdictions with populations of less than 50,000. The zones will not significantly impact commuter and passenger vessel traffic patterns, and mariners will be notified of the zones via local notice to mariners and marine broadcasts. Also, the Captain of the Port may, on a caseby-case basis, allow persons or vessels to enter a security zone. Assistance for Small Entities Under section 213(a) of the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 (Pub. The Coast Guard will not retaliate against small entities that question or complain about this rule or any policy or action of the Coast Guard. Collection of Information this proposed rule would call for no new collection of information under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U. Federalism A rule has implications for federalism under Executive Order 13132, Federalism, if it has a substantial direct effect on State or local governments and would either preempt State law or impose a substantial direct cost of compliance on them. Therefore, it does not require a Statement of Energy Effects under Executive Order 13211. Environment We have analyzed this proposed rule under Commandant Instruction M16475. We seek any comments or information that may lead to the discovery of a significant environmental impact from this proposed rule. The authority citation for part 165 continues to read as follows: Authority: 33 U. In particular, the Act addresses actions that may result in the expenditure by a State, local, or tribal government, in the aggregate, or by the private sector of $100,000,000 or more in any one year. Taking of Private Property this proposed rule would not effect a taking of private property or otherwise have taking implications under Executive Order 12630, Governmental Actions and Interference with Constitutionally Protected Property Rights. Protection of Children We have analyzed this proposed rule under Executive Order 13045, Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks. This rule is not an economically significant rule and would not create an environmental risk to health or risk to safety that might disproportionately affect children. Indian Tribal Governments this proposed rule does not have tribal implications under Executive Order 13175, Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments, because it would not have a substantial direct effect on one or more Indian tribes, on the relationship between the Federal Government and Indian tribes, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities between the Federal Government and Indian tribes. If permission is granted, all persons and vessels must comply with the instructions of the Captain of the Port or designated representative. For vessels not equipped with a radio, there will also be on site notification via a designated representative of the Captain of the Port. Petersburg, Prevention Department maintains the public docket for this rule making.
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The reactor safeguards committee warned the Commission of the increasing risks of operating nuclear ships in populous ports as the number of nuclear ships increased pulse pressure factors buy 50mg hyzaar with mastercard. In response to a request from the committee for a general operating plan blood pressure medication names starting with p buy hyzaar 50mg without prescription, Admiral Burke in January 1958 reported to the Commission the steps the Navy was taking to assure safe operation of the nuclear fleet arteria johnson hyzaar 50 mg without a prescription. The Bureau of Ships was also preparing technical manuals on the nature of reactor hazards aboard nuclear ships and on radiation problems associated with normal operations blood pressure medication metoprolol side effects hyzaar 50mg overnight delivery. The operating and technical manuals arteria brachialis buy cheap hyzaar 50mg, consisting of several bulky volumes crammed with engineering drawings and instructions arrhythmia interpretation practice generic hyzaar 50mg on line, bore all the marks of the Rickover influence. They would serve as reliable guides to crews operating on lonely missions beneath the seas around the world. But without some form of enforcement, the procedures set forth in the manuals could hardly be effective. Early in 1958 the Navy issued three instructions prepared in Code 1500 which provided a more dynamic form of control. The basic directive from Admiral Burke on the operation of nuclear-powered ships incorporated into Navy practice the safety procedures set up in the 1954 agreement and elaborated during the trials of the Nautilus and Seawolf. The bureau (Code 1500) was to prepare manuals on reactor safety and radiation protection and supervise the preparation of operating manuals for the propulsion system of each nuclear ship. For the repair and maintenance of nuclear 345 Fleet Operation and Maintenance ships, the bureau was to provide the necessary equipment, instructions, and technical knowledge. The instruction assigned responsibility to the Chief of Naval Personnel for selecting and training officers and crew for nuclearpowered ships and to the chief, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, for health safeguards. Finally the instruction set forth provisions governing the entry of nuclear-powered ships into populous ports. It also recognized the three areas in which Code 1500 would continue to exercise its influence in the operating fleet in the years after 1958: the selection, training, and assignment of personnel for nuclear ships; the safe operation of nuclear propulsion plants; and port entry for nuclear ships. Code 1500 could draft reams of technical instructions and guides, but unless the officers and crews aboard nuclear ships could understand these materials and apply them in practical situations, there was little possibility of reliable and safe operation. As one experienced nuclear submarine commander put it, the difference was as great as that between a bicycle and a modern automobile. The nuclear submarine, like the automobile, was fast, capable of long-range operation, and comfortable, but it was an extremely complex and expensive vehicle requiring specialized skills and facilities for repair, and demanding caution and self-discipline more than flamboyance from the operator. Few submarine officers really understood the technological revolution which was about to engulf them. For this reason officers such as Beach, Grenfell, and Momsen in the office of the Chief of Naval Operations had been willing to help Rickover in 1947 get the approval of Nimitz and the Secretary of the Navy for a nuclear submarine project. These officers were interested in other types of propulsion even though they recognized that the closed-cycle approach and the improved diesels could never produce a true submarine. The closed-cycle system with its dangerous chemicals was unattractive, and the improved diesel submarines-the Tang class-had proved fiascos. Beach, who commanded one of them, dubbed it an "inglorious failure," and he was even more disturbed at the apparent indifference the Bureau of Ships showed to palpable defects. Although the submarine force was changing fast, it had a strong personality that differentiated it from other branches of the service. Life aboard any ship imposed a sense of cohesiveness, but duty aboard a submarine had a peculiar quality all its own, for it combined close teamwork with individualism. At the final moment of attack, however, it was the captain alone who stood at the periscope and gave the order to fire torpedoes. The price, however, was high: by the end of the war the Americans had lost almost one out of every five submarines. The submarine force had emerged from the war with its own legends, traditions, and heroes. It ran the New London school through which every submarine officer and enlisted man had to pass. The green newcomer was known as "George," the name which was also applied to neophytes reporting aboard a destroyer, which like the submarine was a small ship with strong traditions. On the submarine "George" spent hours tracing every wire, pipe, valve, and fitting, and learning to master the operation of every component until he could perform the duties of every officer aboard. Usually after a year of shipboard training, he was examined by three senior officers of the force to see if he met the standards of the service. Only then did the young officer find his dolphins at the bottom of a ten-ounce glass of whiskey. At its best, the old system could produce competent and resourceful officers, some with the special flair that gave them, their crew, and the ship an individual personality. It served well when naval technology was developing slowly enough so that the ship itself could serve as the classroom, but assignments aboard diesel boats would not help to qualify men for nuclear submarines. Rickover was certain that the use of nuclear energy demanded officers chosen as much for engineering aptitude as for leadership qualities. It required sober maturity, conservative judgment, and strict conformance with safety rules. Occasionally these underlying differences flared into emotional outbursts from both sides. Some submarine officers maintained that Rickover was embittered by his failure to attain submarine command. Rickover frequently complained that most submariners were too stupid and unimaginative to see what the future held. The Compromise It was easy, however, to misinterpret the fundamental differences between Rickover and the officers of the operating submarines. This did not mean that he was creating a separate officer class, a group of specialists in nuclear engineering, but that the officer in charge had to know his ship. Rickover wanted Wilkinson because he had been involved in design and construction activities for the Mark I plant at Argonne and Bettis and had demonstrated his competence in nuclear technology. Both his background and ability would be indispensable in bringing the Nautilus plant into operation. For its part, the submarine force recognized Wilkinson as an outstanding submarine officer. This kind of accommodation was not possible in choosing the other officers for the Nautilus. There were no other submariners who had enough technical background to make them obvious candidates. The officers manning the submarine assignment desk in the Bureau of Naval Personnel were therefore prepared to exercise their usual prerogative by assigning officers to the Nautilus. At this point Rickover asked the desk to submit a list of names from which he would select those for nuclear training. If the submarine desk complied, he would be able to assert an unprecedented influence over the submarine force. The natural reaction of many submariners was that Rickover, as an engineering duty officer, had no right to intervene in the assignment process. Those who knew something about the activities of the Bureau of Naval Personnel would have to admit that Rickover, as head of the nuclear project, was entitled to express some opinion about the officers to be selected. The submarines built since the war had been badly engineered and training standards had declined. He directed the demobilization of the Navy after the war and was superintendent of the Naval Academy from 1947 to 1950. In February 1953 he became chief of the Bureau of Personnel, a position he was to hold for five years. Holloway accepted the principle that the Navy had established in 1899: that all line officers aboard a ship should be eligible for command. He would not have agreed-even had it been proposed-to giving special training to engineering duty officers so that they could serve aboard ship as reactor operators. Because these officers could not have succeeded to command afloat, he would have considered such an arrangement a step backward. Consequently he accepted the view that ultimately all line officers aboard a submarine had to be nuclear trained. He agreed to permit Rickover to interview candidates for nuclear training and make recommendations, but he insisted on retaining the responsibility for selection. With this understanding, Calvert sent Rickover the files of apparently qualified candidates. Perhaps to establish his position clearly, Rickover rejected the first few men recommended after interviewing them, although later he agreed to accept them. The point was that Rickover had established a principle which Holloway had accepted. Now Rickover would have to make certain that submarine officers later assigned to the desk did not subvert it. With Carney taking the first steps toward building a nuclear fleet, the Bureau of Naval Personnel wanted to introduce courses in nuclear physics and engineering at the Naval Academy and at the postgraduate school in Monterey, California. Wilkinson and the Nautilus crew had received much of their training from Westinghouse employees at Bettis, and the officers and crew of the Seawolf were gaining their education in reactor technology in large part from General Electric personnel at Knolls. Certainly the quality of training was high, but this method seemed to leave the Navy dependent upon private industry for training a vital segment of its officers and crews for the nuclear fleet. Bruton set to work in July 1954 and over several weeks interviewed scores of naval officers and civilians, including Rickover and many of the staff in Code 1500, as well as officers at the New London submarine base. Laning, the commanding officer of the Seawolf, and his crew were being trained on the Mark A prototype. Bruton mentioned that the New London submarine school was about to establish a basic course in nuclear power. Laning was relieved to discover that Commander Momsen had helped to prepare the material on the course and that Roddis and Wilkinson had discussed it. After reviewing the New London draft, Laning reported to Rickover that New London had the proper approach. If this assumption proved correct, Rickover believed he would be unable to provide the training necessary to assure the safe operation of nuclear ships. Two days after Laning had written his report Rickover sent Roddis to New London to meet with 351 Fleet Operation and Maintenance representatives from Naval Operations, the Bureau of Ships, and the Bureau of Naval Personnel. The group drafted an agreement whereby the Chief of Naval Operations would request the Bureau of Naval Personnel to take over the function, which had previously been exercised by the Commission, to train personnel for nuclear ships. After six months of training in the basic sciences, the officers and men would spend six months at the prototypes, either at Arco or West Milton. As Rickover had guessed, the plan was a straight-forward attempt to integrate nuclear power training into the traditional New London approach. All the training would have taken place at New London with the use of special texts, models of components, full-scale mock-ups of some equipment, and simulators of the control panels in the maneuvering room- all provided by Bettis and Knolls. After four to six months, the officers and men would be assigned to submarines in the fleet for further training and qualification according to standard submarine force procedures. They would make possible full integration of nuclear technology into the existing discipline of the submarine force. Thus the mock-ups and simulators epitomized the issue of control, not only in an organizational sense (which was important) but also in terms of the longer-range objectives which Rickover had in mind. If New London could impose its standards on nuclear training, there would be little hope for creating the new type of naval officer Rickover envisioned. It would require $600,000 for buildings and $2,000,000 for simulators at New London. Rickover could rightly claim that the prototypes were already available to serve as training facilities at Arco and West Milton. New London would provide basic instruction without simulators, and the Commission would offer practical training on the prototypes. That arrangement was acceptable to Rickover, but he wanted to be certain that both the curriculum and the instructors would provide the personnel needed for the nuclear fleet. For his representatives at New London, Rickover had two prospective commanding officers: Laning, who would command the Seawall, and Calvert, who would take command of the Skate, the third nuclear submarine to joint the fleet. Panoff and Rockwell surveyed the training courses at Bettis and Knolls so that they could evaluate the proposed curriculum. The basic course for enlisted men would include mathematics through elementary calculus, basic physics, reactor and electrical theory, thermodynamics, nuclear plant systems, chemistry, metallurgy, and health physics. Officers in the advanced course would study mathematics through advanced calculus, nuclear physics, reactor theory and engineering, chemistry and metallurgy, servo-mechanisms and control, and nuclear plant systems. Rickover insisted that both the basic and advanced course be of high academic quality and concentrate on the fundamentals needed for training at the prototypes. Several officers and chiefs from the Nautilus were sent to New London to assure proper attention to practical aspects of instruction. The nuclear power school at New London opened in January 1956 with a pilot course for six officers and fourteen enlisted men. By 1958 the school was training four classes of more than one hundred enlisted men and two classes of about thirty officers each year. Almost 150 officers and more than a thousand enlisted men completed the courses by the summer of 1959. The difficulty of the subjects and the high standards on which Rickover insisted made this record a real accomplishment. At the beginning, when there was keen competition for admission, both the officer and enlisted students were of high caliber, but as some of the glamour wore off, the qualifications of 353 Fleet Operation and Maintenance entering students began to decline with a resultant increase in dropouts or failures. Attrition rates were about 3 percent for officers and more than 10 percent for enlisted men. The long hours of grueling study on shore pay seemed a negative incentive for students who by dropping out could go back to the fleet on submarine pay. Furthermore, Rickover was extremely rigid in selecting students for the schools, and would take only those who volunteered.
Statute and absent a custodial interrogation heart attack single cheap 50mg hyzaar overnight delivery, there is no requirement to provide a Miranda warning high blood pressure medication and lemon juice cheap 50mg hyzaar amex. Desertion/Missing Persons Considerations (1) There are other situations warranting investigation under the 3C or 3I case category given possible espionage indicators pulse blood pressure calculator cheap hyzaar 50 mg line. The warning should also address any other violations developed during the course of the investigation blood pressure chart hypotension cheap hyzaar 50mg on-line. If the investigation involves a civilian employee pulse pressure deficit cheap hyzaar 50mg free shipping, Miranda warnings need only be provided if the individual is in custody or otherwise subject to a custodial interrogation blood pressure chart usa discount hyzaar 50mg without prescription. Like the 3I, this case category can be used to resolve an allegation or information indicating a potential threat to national security, but which does not meet the reasonable belief standard. If gross negligence or intent to compromise classified information is identified, the investigation should be worked as a 3I or 3C since Title 18, U. Code 793 provides penalties for persons entrusted with the possession or control of defense information and who permit it to be lost, stolen, abstracted, or destroyed through gross negligence or fail to make a prompt report of such known loss. The 3Y should be used in place of the previous 3G "Information Request" when the information requested is suspicious but does not provide enough information to support a 3I, 3C, or 3D. Mishandling Violations/Loss Of Classified (formerly 5F/5B) (1) the 3Y should be used in place of the previous 5F "Compromise" as it covers "access to classified material by unauthorized person(s) as a result of mishandling of classified material. Terrorism (5T) (1) this case category is used to investigate suspected domestic or international terrorism activities. A terrorism investigation is defined in reference (o) as "Investigative activities undertaken to determine whether particular persons are acting for or on behalf of, or if an event is related to , an organization, group, or person engaged in domestic or international terrorism, and to determine actions required to neutralize such acts. This chapter provides guidance on the conduct of counterintelligence functional services, including reporting, oversight, and management requirements. Appendix B contains a list of abbreviations and acronyms used throughout this chapter. The picture provides a platform for informed decision making, such as disruption, neutralization, or exploitation through investigative or operational activity. The primary difference is through technical exfiltration of information the countering of which is covered in information assurance training and by technical security measures. The same approach should be taken if the individual is attending a virtual conference on line. Threats among the participants should be identified and the appropriate defensive briefing should be given. When traveling to a foreign country, awareness should naturally be heightened, however, when engaging in communication on line in your place of work it is easy to be lulled into a false sense of security. This adversary trying to lull you modus operandi sense of security is what needs to be countered. A debriefing questionnaire for hosts and escorts of foreign visitors is provided in Appendix G. The list of reportable contacts, activities, indicators, and behaviors is provided in Appendix I. Army Multimedia Message Manager National Crime Information Center National Law Enforcement Telecommunication System Office of Personnel Management Office of Strategic Support employment and/or licensing check Sensitive Compartmented Information Seat of Government Special Security Officer Threat Assessment Tripwire Analytic Capability technical surveillance countermeasures Total Workforce Management System U. This chapter provides general information important to the agent in conducting fraud investigations (Category 4). The investigating agent must explore all relevant issues, be very thorough in his or her interviews/interrogations, and must maintain a firm grasp of all pertinent issues. Matters of investigative significance are often buried within a myriad of extraneous material. It is a great assistance to the investigation and disposition of fraud matters, as well as a sign of professionalism, to recognize and clearly report the relevant information while excluding unnecessary material. In other words, it is imperative that the investigation be "scoped" or its parameters defined so that the investigation of specific, citable criminal statutes can be undertaken from the onset of the investigation. When investigating fraud, the special agent will encounter complicated problems of law and administration, and will be confronted with technical problems that require recruitment and utilization of special training and skills. Coordination with a number of agencies and activities for technical assistance may be necessary. Willful misrepresentations or concealment in order to obtain something of value from the government or to induce the government to part with something of value or to surrender a legal right. The victim of fraud, whether it is the government, a person, or a business, may pursue various administrative or civil remedies in place of, or in addition to , the criminal remedies. Fraud against the government generally requires the following elements of proof: a. A false representation, actual or implied; or the concealment of a matter of fact material to the transaction; b. The false information provided must be material to the contract in that more accurate or truthful information would have an impact on the acceptance of the contract. There must also be some form of damage to the party receiving the goods whether it be monetary, a reduced utility of the product received (product substitution is an example of this), or undue influence in accepting a bid that would not otherwise have been accepted (bribery, conflict of interest, kickbacks are examples of this). It should be noted reliance and damages, need not necessarily be proved when the government is the victim. They are, however, important in determining the amount of civil damages the government may later collect, and should not be ignored. Used for investigations of illegal anti-competitive activities involving any agreements or arrangements among competitors to limit competition. This subcategory does not pertain to loss associated with government credit cards. Gambling aboard government property or while on government duty is included in this subcategory. Used for investigations pertaining to false statements or other irregularities involving pay and allowance claims, reimbursement vouchers and improper disbursement of government funds. Used for investigations pertaining to fraudulent enlistments, appointments, examinations, advancements, discharges, separations, and falsification of personnel records or other personnel actions. Used for investigations pertaining to criminal or civil irregularities in connection with the procurement, administration, or disposition of U. Government property or services that are not otherwise specifically defined as a separate case subcategory. A bribe is anything of value given, offered, or promised for the purpose of influencing official action. Used for investigations involving the forgery of checks uttered to persons and commercial institutions and the forgery of other documents where the government is not the victim. Used for investigations involving the forgery of checks, letters, orders for delivery of money or goods, receipts, military orders, identification cards, and property records when the U. Also included are alterations of official documents, including personnel performance reports, certificates of training course completion, or test score results when reported officially. Used for investigations pertaining to a subcontractor making any payments, fees, commissions, credits, gifts, gratuities, or compensations of any kind to prime or to higher tier contractors or to any officer, partner, employee, or agent of higher tier subcontractors, or prime contractors. Used in investigations when a contractor charges or attempts to charge the government for costs which are not allowable, not reasonable, or which cannot be either directly or indirectly allocated to the contract. Used for investigations of any criminal violation of a federal, state, local, or foreign government statute designed to protect the environment. Used in investigations when a contractor delivers, or attempts to deliver, to the government goods or services, which do not conform to contract requirements, without informing the government of the deficiency. This subcategory is used for an in-depth probe of a specific operation, activity, or program to determine if the systems being utilized are susceptible to criminal exploitation and if exploitation is present. The survey is not designed to take the place of investigations into known or suspected irregularities. Used for investigations having unique interests, requiring application of special investigative techniques or handling, occurring infrequently, or for other reasons not specifically covered by any other fraud subcategory. In general, three factors govern jurisdiction: the laws and regulations that apply, the status of the suspect, and the geographical location of the offense. There are three sources of laws and regulations that may apply to persons subject to military law and others who commit frauds against the United States. As such, there is more leeway in investigating civilian suspects than normally found in a criminal investigation. Acquisition fraud investigations are defined as those within the following categories: 4A (Antitrust), 4C (Conflict of interest), 4D (Defective Pricing), 4G (General Procurement), 4H (Bribery), 4L (Subcontractor Kickbacks), 4M (Cost Mischarging), 4N (Environmental Crime), 4P (Product Substitution), and 4X (Special Inquiry). While this regulation is administrative in nature, it can be used to the benefit of a criminal investigator to gain leverage over or the cooperation of personnel involved in or aware of unethical activities. While violations of these administrative regulations by themselves do not constitute criminal conduct, they may be indicative of a bigger problem that warrants further investigation. Whenever possible, the decision with respect to jurisdiction in a given case should be made at the local level. In order to obtain required information in procurement fraud investigations, it is often necessary to effect liaison with certain government agencies and activities. Discovery of indications of fraud, collusion, or wrongdoing during the course of an audit is reported pursuant to departmental regulations and procedures. Attempts by the contractor to insert or "hide" non-applicable costs are often detected and not accepted by auditors, but if corrected and not contested by the contractor, these irregularities may not be pursued. A history of such practice by a particular contractor may be pertinent and may be developed in coordination with the auditors concerned. A determination should be made as to whether suspect firms or individuals have (or have had) contractual relationships with any of the service procurement agencies. Examination of the records of these agencies, after proper coordination, should proceed to the extent necessary to determine whether there exists a pattern of conduct relevant to the allegations under investigation or evidence of additional offenses. The system architecture includes the communication, data translation and conversion, and infrastructure components necessary to support the application. Government policies for free and open competition and circumvent government efforts in affecting competitive contracting methods. The offenses associated with antitrust violations invariably result in increased costs to government, corrode the free enterprise system, and destroy public confidence in the national economy. The element of conspiracy is necessary in antitrust violations because not only is it important to show that an agreement was reached pertaining to the restraint of trade, but an overt act in furtherance of the agreement must also be committed. A conspiracy in an antitrust violation can produce damage to the federal acquisition process and prove catastrophic in an atmosphere of national emergency. The elements of a criminal offense in an antitrust violation are the formulation of any illicit agreement on the part of two or more competitive vendors and their resultant restraint of interstate trade or commerce. Specifically, it must be ascertained that the conspirators agreed, formally or otherwise, to fix or stabilize prices or to allocate customers, territories or markets; further, that the conspiracy affected products, services, or funds traveling in the flow of interstate commerce. The term "interstate commerce" is interpreted as any business activity that may be conducted in the United States. The Act also applies to intrastate commerce, business activities conducted within a specific state. Its field offices are located in Atlanta, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Philadelphia, New York City, and San Francisco. Whenever one or more vendors collude with a competitor to refrain intentionally from submitting bids to the government so the contract must be awarded to a specific firm, Bid Suppression occurs. In addition, such influence, if effective, can increase government costs significantly and may also result in both increased administrative lead-time and longer production and delivery schedules. Vendors who intentionally submit bids that are either too high in cost or contain specific terms that are unacceptable to the government and in effect cause a government contract to be awarded to another bidder, are participating in Complementary Bidding. One example can be viewed as a collusive agreement on the part of competitive vendors to adhere to published price lists. Conspirators may also agree to identical increases in costs, identical discount terms, unadvertised prices, or to policies maintaining specified price differentials based on the quantity of contracts. The principal advantage of price fixing is that by adhering to maximum or minimum price schedules in selected commodities or services, conspiring vendors cause non-conspiring vendors to sell in accordance with their own judgment. Price Fixing is designed to eliminate competition within the specified industry and to retain the market for those vendors who have agreed among themselves to control costs. Price fixing is frequently evidenced in the scheme of Collusive Bidding, whereby an anti-competitive climate is created through one or more of the following strategies: d. This is a common occurrence and difficult to prove because of the ease of collusion involved and the many simple methods of keeping the scheme clandestine. While the practice is socially acceptable in some cultures, it is not considered ethical in United States government contracting because it compromises genuine competition within the acquisition process and is clearly an example of collusion among vendors. Since a vendor in collusion with other competitors knows it is his turn to be the low bidder, the quality of the product or service may be well below standard. The end result is frequently increased cost to government, not only in terms of dollars but in substandard contractor performance. A vendor may become involved in antitrust violations for numerous reasons, among them: a. A false sense of job security, in that participation in collusion with other firms will always provide a share of government contracts, as in Bid Rotation. A sense of obligation to co-conspirators for favors, bribes, loans, or business leads. A false sense of belonging to an elite circle of businessmen who protect their mutual interests by undermining the competition. The perceived advantages of conspiring vendors are far outweighed by the ultimate consequences that are: a. Increased costs to government through the needless expenditure of funds and man-hours because contract costs are usually high in an antitrust climate. Substandard contractor performance, directly translatable into a decreased mission posture for government agencies. Legal ramifications for conspirators, including fines, incarcerations, suspensions, and debarment. When an individual or organization obtains or attempts to obtain a product, service, or anything of value by means of an access device with the intent to defraud, a criminal act takes place. There are numerous methods that are commonly used to perpetrate credit card fraud.
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