It must be the underlying energy of change and it came into the history through the Christ Consciousness anxiety management cheap clomipramine 75mg line. This changes the story of Armageddon and Revelation to present a totally different picture of the future mood disorder band buy clomipramine 10mg low cost. So let us begin this Chapter on the Great Shift of Ages All Bibles And Prophesies Point To Christ As Inspiration Whichever version of the story of Christ you read mood disorder hypersensitivity discount 75mg clomipramine visa, whether through myth depression mental health definition purchase clomipramine 25 mg overnight delivery, fiction or nonfiction, the life of this man evolves as special. It is he that became the inspiration as it is the goal of human life to evolve toward Spirit. This is the journey that unfolds over the course of one`s lifetime-it is the adventure of moving from time and space to eternity. It is said that Spirit ever reaches into the hearts and minds of humans to urge us to choose the ascension path to unite with the Source of Creation. One way Spirit does this is to incarnate as a human to reveal Spirit`s personality to humanity to serve as encouragement to discover and walk the path of Spirit. God or whatever you want to call it has individual the vessel of a human form to show us the way back home if we can see it. The person who fulfilled this role was this one called Jesus who eventually inherited the name Jesus Christ, or in the Aquarian version, Jesus the Christ. The story that we have brought forward would exemplify more than anything the path upwards shown in this diagram. In the versions of the Bibles and other major religious teachings of the mass, the teachings of Jesus have been used as the mainstay to a spiritual belief system of love, peace, and sovereignty. Although riddled with other` distorting history, the new version is now surfacing as a new truth everywhere simply because people are fed up with the untruth of fear, conflict and dominion. These teachings centered around helping people find their own internal source of Spirit. This truth now points to him as the embodiment of love and goodness, peace and understanding. His God-centeredness allowed him to achieve what we consider miracles because he understood the natural laws of the universe and was able to tap into the great power of 509 love to bring healing to people. He practiced meditation and prayer to gain strength to meet the challenges of daily life. He consistently showed love, kindness, patience, gentleness to others and encouraged them to open to the Spirit within themselves. He lived his life to show us how to find Spirit and what a human personality looks like when he or she is Spirit-centered. And so it is said that Jesus` Divine life plan apparently disclosed itself to him over the course of his lifetime. Just as we can open ourselves to our indwelling Spirits to find our own higher purpose, he had to accomplish this during his human lifetime. His story we have presented becomes an inspiring guide to help us achieve this for ourselves through the thoughts, words, and deeds synchronized with the heart. Once he fully achieved his own state of Christ Consciousness he was able to manifest, co-create and create as well as depict to others his Divine self. His life purpose was two-fold and provides the living link between our Creator-Source and humanity: to show each person how to be God in himself/herself and for himself/herself, and then to embody the Creator and reveal God`s love for each person to those who were ready to grow in Spirit. And if you are happy with things as they are, then that is fine too but perhaps there is more But what has become prominent in the last 12 years is indeed the consciousness of a new truth about Christ. Before we delve into the two diametrically opposed versions of the Dark and Light plans, it is of interest to recap what has come to light in the last 12 years. The following is presented to recap the new knowing as reflected in the new consciousness. We see that Christ came to be a Walker of Planet Earth for the purpose of living and showing the Word and the Light of Unconditional love. Upon his incarnation, he brought immediate light and brightness, the vibration of which resonated strongly to draw attention of the many. For this reason as a child he was kept hidden and protected quietly, As a child Jesus already attracted attention as his resonance was strong and of high vibration. Somewhat like the Crystal Children of now, he was especially gifted as was his written purpose to bring the new light as his Divine Plan. The high vibrations and 510 the strength of the love he exuded from his heart drew others like a magnet and because of this interest, the authorities and priests came to know about this but mostly as an oddity not particularly relevant. At an early age after his spiritually gifted mother and father coached and protected him in such a way as to nurture his special radiance, it was necessary to take him to other lands away from his place of birth so as to allow him to grow his abilities and hide him away until more mature. As his Father was skilled in the arts of Mystery and Alchemy, and his Mother also advanced in Spirit and vibration they knew and followed many of the special ancient wisdom keepers of the Mystery Schools of Egypt. It is here that his growth and knowing was nurtured, well before he could engage in the conflicts of the time. He was trained to understand the ancient wisdoms of the Priesthoods of spiritual knowing of God (the real one). As it was, the Ancients knew of this special Jesus and took custody of him to teach all of their wisdom allowing him to rapidly recall what which he knew but had been slowed due to the incarnation in a lower form. As he carried no karma, he absorbed the knowing and evolved rapidly into his higher senses. Upon traveling to other highly developed spiritual lands such as India he became a wonder of science reflecting the higher abilities of metaphysics, healing and body control, much as those opening to you now. He became highly developed is the spiritual arts and absorbed the truth like a sponge. Because of these wondrous abilities of the metaphysical realms and his knowledge of the workings of other dimensions, he attained the creator status we have told you of rapidly and had to subdue these when in public places. He turned his attention to the attaining the status of priesthood only in the teachings as he preferred to walk the lands. Through this time, he met friends and wrote of his knowing as he began to reflect and expand upon the Word as he understood it. His teaching and healing examples were watched with wonder as they saw the manifestation of ancient wisdom expressed by him. His mentors followed the teachings of the old ways following the spiritual priesthoods Over years he developed to stages that surpassed all they had ever seen. Unlike your own time where the higher vibration floods the consciousness to encourage easy growth of acceleration of ascension, through the triggering of the divine plan, that was a time of low vibration. His highly advanced powers he exhibited in the power of healing, miracles, telepathy, and psychic knowing were his front line display. His essence was not undetectable and his presence, and the Word spread rapidly as he walked the lands. His knowing and reach expanded rapidly as many of his followers including both men and women who were treated equal, became companions, also seeking the knowing of the Word. He was able to show the power of God directly and taught the ways to accept divine love for the true purposes. But unlike now, the change of vibration was not readily accepting and this required much time and discipline to evolve in others. As so, he became more of an oddity to some, a wonder and saint to others, and a threat to those who sought power over others. As he walked the land and lived with the people he carried the light and the love of the Creator. For those that were earthly and poor, already dominated by greed and avarice of authorities he was both admired and feared as they could not understand his ways. His power of healing, his 511 ability raise dead, to materialize things, and his ability to connect with groups instantly to subdue anger and conflict became difficult to understand. For others, the Word and the spreading of his wondrous gifts of healing, of his abilities to see what others could not see was like a miracle. Yet they could not understand how to attain these by attention to his teachings of love and spirit. He taught that the divinity was in all and the attention to love not hatred would bring these powers as they were all sons and daughters of God as was he.
Within the brain depression test geriatric generic clomipramine 75 mg without prescription, injuries include hemorrhagic contusions anxiety keeping me from sleeping cheap 25mg clomipramine with amex, non-hemorrhagic contusions depression test for someone else purchase clomipramine 10mg without prescription, hemorrhagic or non-hemorrhagic shearing injuries depression test calgary order 75 mg clomipramine overnight delivery, herniations, and cerebral edema. However, many of these patients experience ventricular dilation and reduced brain volume. This occurs gradually, following diffuse brain injury, as the result of neuronal loss. It can be illustrated more elegantly and precisely, however, using quantitative imaging methods. This can be readily identified, using quantitative imaging methods, in the corpus callosum (Adams et al. Those regions of the corpus callosum found to be most vulnerable are the genu and splenium (Huisman et al. Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Problems Moderate and severe traumatic brain injuries can result in temporary, prolonged, or permanent neurological or neuropsychiatric problems. Motor Impairments and Movement Disorders Motor impairments, such as paresis (weakness) or plegia (paralysis), sometimes occur following severe traumatic brain injury. Some patients experience spasticity (increased muscle tone and exaggerated reflexes), ataxia (loss of muscle coordination), or both. Post-traumaticmovementdisordersmanifestbyeitherslownessorpovertyofmovement (hypokinesia) or by excessive involuntary movements (hyperkinesia). The two most common classifications of movement disorders are tremors and dystonias (see Krauss and Jankovic 2007 for a review). Tremor types include (1) resting (or "rest tremor"; seen when the body part is at rest), (2) postural (seen when holding a body part out, such as outstretched arms), and (3) kinetic (also referred to as an "intention tremor"; seen when moving a body part, such as during the finger-to-nose test). Dystonia is characterized by sustained muscle contractions that cause twisting or repetitive movements, and/or abnormal postures or positions. Moreover, dizziness is a common complaint in patients with traumatic brain injuries of all severities. It is a mistake to assume uncritically that difficulties with imbalance or dizziness are due to traumaticallyinduced brain damage. This is because imbalance and dizziness can be related to multiple potential causes. For example, balance is related to the vestibular system, visual system, and the somatosensory and proprioceptive systems. Multiple anatomical structures, peripheral pathways, and central interconnections are involved. Of course, direct damage to the brainstem or cerebellum can be a central cause for balance problems. Visual Impairments Visual impairments and ocular abnormalities can arise from orbital fractures; cornea, lens, or retinal injuries; cranial neuropathies; brain stem damage; or damage to subcortical or cortical regions involved with the visual system (see Kapoor and Ciuffreda 2005; Padula et al. Lange Cranial Nerve Impairments the cranial nerves provide motor and sensory innervation to the head and neck and can, of course, be damaged as a result of traumatic injuries to the head or brain. Damage to a cranial nerve can cause problems with olfaction, vision, hearing, balance, eye movements, facial sensation, facial movement, swallowing, tongue movements, and neck strength. Headaches Temporary or chronic headaches can occur following injuries to the neck, head, or both. The most common types of headaches following injuries to the neck or head are: (1) muculoskeletal headaches (typically a cap-like discomfort), (2) cervicogenic headaches (typically unilateral sub-occipital head pain with secondary oculo-frontotemporal discomfort), (3) neuritic and neuralgic head pain. Headaches can also be associated with depression and psychological distress (Breslau et al. Sexual Dysfunction Changes in sexuality and sexual functioning are commonly reported by patients or spouses. Human sexuality is influenced by physical, cognitive, emotional, and social factors. Thus, traumatic injuries to the brain can lead to changes in sexuality and functioning through multiple mechanisms. Fatigue and sleep disturbances can be related to traumatic brain damage, co-occurring depression, or both. However, chronic depression and late onset depression have been reported 3 years post-injury (14 and 10%, respectively, Hibbard et al. Compared to depression, the emergence of post-injury anxiety disorders is less common, though still problematic. Warden and colleagues followed 47 active-duty service members, who sustained moderate traumatic brain injuries, and who had neurogenic amnesia for the event. It is hypothesized that some injured people can experience some degree of fear conditioning even while in a state of post-traumatic amnesia or confusion. Moreover, they can reconstruct their traumatic experiences over time, with a combination of accurate and possibly inaccurate information, and this might intermingle with the original fear conditioning to perpetuate anxiety symptoms. Risk factors may include: (1) injuries to the left hemisphere, particularly the temporal and parietal lobes, (2) increased severity of brain injury, (3) closed head injury, as opposed to a penetrating head injury, (4) vulnerability and/or predisposition to psychosis. For example, damage to the frontal lobes can result in impulsivity, emotional liability, socially inappropriate behaviors, apathy, decreased spontaneity, lack of interest, or emotional blunting. Damage to the temporal lobes can result in episodic hyper-irritability, aggressive outbursts, or dysphoric mood states (Lucas 1998). Personality changes typically manifest as a consequence of a complex interaction between the direct consequences of the brain injury and secondary reactions to impairment or loss (Lezak et al. Lack of awareness tends to be function specific, in which some deficits may be accurately assessed by the patient. In general, patients tend to underestimate the severity of their cognitive and behavioral impairments when compared to ratings of family members. In addition, although many patients tend to exhibit some awareness of cognitive and speech deficits, they are less likely to report changes in personality and behavior. Lack of awareness has been described using the following neurologic and psychodynamic terminology: (1) Agnosia: Impaired recognition of previously meaningful stimuli that cannot be attributed to primary sensory defects, attentional disturbances, or a naming disorder; (2) Anosognosia: A lack of knowledge, or unawareness of cognitive, linguistic, sensory, and motor deficits following neurological assault; (3) Anosodiaphoria: Lack of concern for serious neurological impairments, without denying their existence; (4) Denial of Insight: A psychological explanationtoaccountforsymptomsofanosognosia. Patientswithanosognosiaare thought to be motivated to block distressing symptoms from awareness by using a defense mechanism (denial); and (5) Lack of Insight: A multidimensional construct that describes a spectrum of concepts, ranging from a psychological defense mechanism to lack of cognitive skills that permit understanding of deficits (Flashman et al. We believe that in most cases involving severe traumatic brain injury, the underlying cause of the lack of awareness is neurological not psychological. Lange Functional and Neuropsychological Outcome All aspects of recovery and outcome are affected by injury severity. Many individuals with severe brain injuries have persistent neuropsychological impairments, functional disability. The Glasgow Outcome Scale (Jennett and Bond 1975) was designed to categorize global functional outcome following traumatic brain injury. The five outcome categories are: (1) dead, (2) vegetative state, (3) severe disability (unable to live alone for more than 24 hours), (4) moderate disability (independent at home, able to utilize public transportation, able to work in a supported environment), and (5) good recovery (capable of resuming normal occupational and social functioning, although there might be minor residual physical or mentaldeficits). As a rule, patients with mild traumatic brain injuries have a good recovery, using this crude scale. Of course, good recovery includes patients with mild cognitive impairment, mild cognitive diminishment, and broadly normal cognitive functioning. Cognitive impairment following traumatic brain injury is highly individualized and difficult to predict. Nonetheless, it is a truism that when considering groups of patients, those with severe traumatic brain injuries are likely to have some degree of persisting impairment and those with mild traumatic brain injuries are unlikely to have persisting impairment (Dikmen et al. However, improvement in functioning can and does occur as the result of learned accommodations and compensations in the years following injury. From a neurocognitive perspective, impairments are most notable in attention, concentration, working memory, speed of processing, and memory (Dikmen et al. As injury severity increases, there is a greater likelihood of global cognitive deficit that may include motor skills, verbal and visual-spatial ability, and reasoning skills (Dikmen et al. The effect size for each measure has been calculated and is presented in Table 21. Asinjuryseverityincreases,wecanseethatthemagnitudeofimpairment increases linearly, but there is also an increased number of impaired abilities across all cognitive domains.
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Poster presented at the Sixth Annual American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology conference, Boston. The neurologic, cognitive and behavioral aspects of movement disorders are covered in detail as are contemporary treatments and treatment outcomes. This chapter starts with an overview of the functional neuroanatomy of movement and discusses normal motor movement and disordered motor movement. The next section reviews the clinical presentation of the movement disorders, inclusive of a description of each disorders cardinal symptoms and the differentiating characteristics among movement disorders. The cognitive and emotional symptoms associated with movement disorders are also discussed in detail. The later part of this chapter discusses the available treatment for movement disorders such as pharmacotherapy and surgical options and the motor and cognitive outcomes from such treatments. Next, the chapter provides a detailed analysis for the pre-surgical evaluation of patients being considered for surgical treatment, including a review of the preand post-operative neuropsychological assessment of patients with movement disorders. We discuss the changes in neuropsychological function that may be predicted post-surgically. Finally, we propose directions for future research in the course and treatment outcomes in motor, cognitive and behavioral symptoms associated with movement disorders. Movement disorders have many etiologies, including genetic, traumatic or idiopathic and involve anatomical, physiological or neurotransmitter abnormalities that affect the motor system at many points along pathways governing motor movement. Essential tremor is associated with action tremor, often without significant neuropsychological dysfunction. Cortical-basal ganglionic degeneration is a movement disorder characterized by asymmetric parkinsonism, apraxia, and neuropsychological deficits Neuropsychological impairment is associated with multiple movement disorders and may present as either an early symptom or later in the course of the neurodegenerative process. Surgical treatments for movement disorder are generally considered cognitively safe resulting in improved motor function, but some individuals experience adverse neuropsychological and behavioral changes. Adverse outcomes can be reduced or mitigated with pre- and post-surgical neuropsychological evaluations. Section I: Common Movement Disorders: Neurological and Neuropsychological Features Parkinsonism Parkinsonism is a syndrome comprising four cardinal physical features: resting tremor, rigidity, akinesia (or bradykinesia), and postural instability. The resting tremor is typically a slow tremor that occurs, as the label suggests, mainly when the involved body part is inactive. There are many diseases and syndromes that have parkinsonism as a prominent symptom complex. The spectrum of neuropsychological symptoms are largely determined by the specific disorder causing the parkinsonism. As discussed below, early detection of cognitive deficits can be a clue to the proper diagnosis. The basal ganglia are a complex of deep gray matter brain nuclei illustrated in. They receive input from a variety of regions of the cerebral cortex and send output back to the cortex (via the thalamus) and brain stem. The basal ganglia are traditionally associated with the initiation and control of motor movements (eye and body), but also are involved in a variety of cognitive and affective processing as well (see below). The basal ganglion is often subdivided into the striatum and the globus pallidus. The putamen and globus pallidus are sometimes together referred to as the lentiform nucleus. The nucleus accumbens (which lies in the anteroventral region of where the head of the caudate nucleus and the putamen fuse), ventral pallidum, and intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus are also often included in the basal ganglia. Input, Output, and Intrinsic Connections of the Basal Ganglia the main inputs to the basal ganglia are projections from the frontal lobes (motor and associative/cognitive) and limbic system (affective/cognitive) to the striatum (caudate and putamen) and the nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum). Direct and Indirect Pathways Classically, processing through the basal ganglia had been described in terms of a direct pathway and indirect pathway. While this framework has provided an important model for the understanding and testing of basal ganglia function, there are exceptions not well explained by the model that has led to the development of new theories. New findings have increased the complexity of the basal ganglia networks and altered how some aspects of the indirect and direct pathways interact. However, because of the intrinsic value this model has for understanding core concepts of basal ganglia function, we provide an overview of the direct and indirect pathways below and also diagram this model in Figures 19. The net effect of the direct pathway is excitation of cerebral cortex, whereas the net effect of the indirect pathway is cortical inhibition. These more complex interactions account for the limited ability of the traditional direct and indirect models to explain or predict 574 S. Another model for understanding the basal ganglia consists of a series of major parallel pathways coursing through the basal ganglia, as described below. Major Pathways of the Basal Ganglia the basal ganglia are functionally and structurally connected to the cortex and thalamus by five (5) parallel circuits that are anatomically and functionally segregated, but have projections to shared brain regions to provide for feedback from other circuits. The five circuits are: (1) motor, (2) oculomotor, (3) dorsolateral frontal, (4) lateral orbitofrontal, and (5) medial frontal/anterior cingulate. Each circuit unique neuroanatomic pathways within each anatomic structure, which are maintained throughout the circuit. The basal ganglion influences function of the lateral motor pathways (corticospinal tracts) and the medial motor systems (reticulospinal and tectospinal tracts), enabling smooth, regulated motor control. Major input is from the frontal eye fields and posterior parietal cortices via the caudate nucleus. Dorsolateral frontal pathway is associated with cognitive executive functions such as organization, mental flexibility, and problem solving. Damage leads to impaired problem solving, perseveration, stimulus-bound behaviors, and poor mental flexibility. Lateral orbitofrontal pathway is involved in processing the affective value of reinforcers (stimuli such as money, taste of food, social benefits) and planning behavior in response to reinforcement or punishment. Damage can lead to behavioral disinhibition (such as public swearing, telling off-color jokes, hypersexuality, excessive gambling, and increased alcohol/drug use) and environmental dependency. Medial frontal/anterior cingulate pathway is associated with motivation, emotional regulation, and memory functions. Major inputs are projections from limbic structures (hippocampus, amygdala) to ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens.
Does it need to be considered if the test will only be used once and is not likely to be administered again in future If the goal is to measure a specific depression symptoms getting worse clomipramine 10mg with mastercard, narrowly-defined construct depression symptoms physical generic clomipramine 25mg free shipping, then high internal reliability might be the most important consideration depression dysthymia buy clomipramine 10mg otc. For example depression zodiac signs buy clomipramine 75 mg online, if a depression symptom scale is composed entirely of extremely stable items that are completely resistant to change, it will not be sensitive to treatmentrelated effects and would be a poor choice for determining whether a patient has benefited from an antidepressant drug regimen. In the end, when test 30 Reliability and Validity in Neuropsychology 883 Table 30. It is up to the user to consider all the available evidence and make an informed interpretation of the possible strengths and weaknesses of the test and its scores (see Table 30. Despite this statement, it is also conceivable that there are some neuropsychological domains that are very difficult to measure in a highly reliable manner. For example, many executive functioning tests scores have relatively modest reliabilities, suggesting that this ability is difficult to assess reliably. Other tests measuring domains such as reaction time or processing speed may yield low coefficients in groups with high response variability, such as preschoolers, elderly individuals, or individuals with brain disorders. Lastly, like validity, reliability is a matter of degree rather than an all-or-none property. Test scores must be continually re-evaluated from the standpoint of reliability as populations and testing contexts change over time. One of the most significant influences on test scores re-administered after a period of time is the practice effect. Re-administering a test would be expected to yield better performance at retest, and this is the case in most instances. An examinee may approach tests that he or she had difficulty with previously with heightened anxiety that leads to decreased performance. The size of a retest reliability coefficient does not indicate the magnitude of practice effects. A test score can have a high stability coefficient, yet have an average retest mean that is several points higher than baseline scores. Overall, two main questions must be answered to properly interpret scores in a retest situation: (1) what is the magnitude of the typical expected practice effect, and (2) is the practice effect expected to be consistent across individuals in the group from which the examinee originates The practical problem for clinicians is that, while most test manuals provide some information on mean practice effects across groups, there is limited information in test manuals for determining the probability of a known practice effect occurring for an individual patient. This is because the majority of practice effects are estimated in healthy subjects, not clinical subjects, and are averaged for a group with little information provided regarding the distribution of practice effects across individuals. Therefore, when considering a large group of subjects tested twice, some will likely perform worse, some similarly, some better, and some much better on retest. The average practice effect found in a test manual may only apply for an unknown proportion of the sample itself. Reliability coefficients do not provide information on which individuals retain their relative place in the distribution from baseline to retest and which individuals encounter score increases or decreases on retesting. This causes the score distribution to change at retest which will attenuate the correlation. In these cases, the test, retest 30 Reliability and Validity in Neuropsychology 885 correlation may vary significantly across subgroups and the correlation for the entire sample will not be the best estimate of reliability for subgroups, overestimating reliability for some and underestimating reliability for others. Despite all these caveats, practice effects, as long as they are relatively systematic and accurately assessed, do not necessarily make a test unusable for clinical practice. Practicallyspeaking, for most available tests, the average difference score will be the only information available on expected practice effects in healthy people. Further complicating this situation is the fact that most stability coefficients and practice effects provided in test manuals are based on a single sample of healthy adults retested over a relatively brief interval. This contrasts with the typical clinical scenario of a patient from a specific clinical group tested over longer time intervals. Research is needed on the psychometric properties of tests in clinical subjects who are tested over clinically-relevant retest intervals. These are questions that are not currently well answered by the available data on practice effects for the majority of neuropsychological tests. It is also essential to note that the actual nature of the test may change with exposure. For instance, tests that rely on a "novelty effect" and/or require deduction of a strategy or problem solving. Practiceeffectsandothereffectsofpriorexposuremayplateauafterseveralexposures, and are one reason for including a minimum of test exposures when designing research involving repeated administration of cognitive or psychological tests. Conversely, other tests may simply not be amenable to be administered multiple times in the same patient. Lastly, it must be kept in mind that factors other than prior exposure may affect test-retest reliability. Variability in scores on the same measure over time can be related to situational variables such as examinee state, examiner state, examiner identity (same vs different at retest), or environmental conditions. Validity in Neuropsychology Test validity may be defined at its most basic level as the degree to which a test actually measures what it is intended to measure. Consistent with the construct of reliability, an important point to be made here is that a test cannot be said to have one single level of validity. Rather, it can be said to possess various types and levels of validity across a spectrum of usage and populations. That is, validity is not a property of a test, but rather, validity is a property of the meaning attached to a test score in the specific context of test usage (c. This is a key concept: like reliability, validity relates to test scores, not tests (Urbina 2004). As a result, there can be unique factors that can affect validity at the level of individual assessment, such as deviations from standard administration, unusual testing environments, and variable or poor examinee cooperation. Working knowledge of validity models and the validity characteristics of test scores are a central requirement for responsible and competent test use. From a practical perspective, a working knowledge of validity allows clinicians to chose which tests are appropriate for different uses. For instance, some test scores fail to reach standards for clinical diagnostic purposes of individual patients, but would be perfectly appropriate for research using group data. Validity Models Since Cronbach and Meehl (1955), various models of validity have been proposed. Other validity subtypes, including convergent, divergent, predictive, treatment, clinical, and face validity are subsumed Test Score Validity Content-related evidence Construct-related evidence Criterion-related evidence Convergent Divergent Predictive Concurrent. For example, convergent and divergent validity are most often treated as subsets of construct validity (Sattler 2001), and concurrent and predictive validity as subsets of criterion-validity. Concurrent validity is relevant for tests used to identify existing diagnoses or conditions, whereas predictive validity applies when determining whether a test predicts future outcomes (Urbina 2004). Although face validity is less studied, the extent to which examinees believe a test measures what it appears to measure can affect motivation, self-disclosure, and effort; consequently, face validity can be seen as a moderator variable affecting concurrent and predictive validity that can be operationalized and measured (Bornstein 1996; Nevo 1985). Face validity matters because it encourages rapport between examiner and examinee, as well as openness and acceptance about test results and their implications (Urbina 2004). Again, all these labels for distinct categories of validity are ways of providing different types of validity evidence for test scores, not different types of validity per se.
