Medical Director, University of North Carolina Hospitals Heart Center at Meadowmont
Division of Cardiology
Heart Failure Program
University of North Carolina School of Medicine
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Early hemofiltration improves survival in post-cardiotomy patients with acute renal failure antifungal nail oil generic ketoconazole 200 mg. Timing of initiation of dialysis in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury antifungal products generic 200 mg ketoconazole otc. Timing of renal replacement therapy and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients with severe acute kidney injury antifungal ketoconazole side effects generic 200 mg ketoconazole amex. Late initiation of renal replacement therapy is associated with worse outcomes in acute kidney injury after major abdominal surgery spore fungus definition discount 200 mg ketoconazole otc. Effects of intravenous fluid restriction on postoperative complications: comparison of two perioperative fluid regimens: a randomized assessor-blinded multicenter trial. Fluid overload before continuous hemofiltration and survival in critically ill children: a retrospective analysis. Effect of fluid overload and dose of replacement fluid on survival in hemofiltration. Pediatric patients with multiorgan dysfunction syndrome receiving continuous renal replacement therapy. Outcomes of critically ill children requiring continuous renal replacement therapy. Fluid overload and mortality in children receiving continuous renal replacement therapy: 549. Extracorporeal dialysis in neonatal hyperammonemia: modalities and prognostic indicators. Timing and predictors of death in pediatric patients with multiple organ system failure. Medical management and dialysis therapy for the infant with an inborn error of metabolism. Fluid overload and acute renal failure in pediatric stem cell transplant patients. Increasing incidence of withholding and withdrawal of life support from the critically ill. The frequency of withdrawal from acute care is impacted by severe acute renal failure. Withholding and withdrawal of therapy in patients with acute renal injury: a retrospective cohort study. Risk factors of early redialysis after weaning from postoperative acute renal replacement therapy. Demographic characteristics of pediatric continuous renal replacement therapy: a report of the prospective pediatric continuous renal replacement therapy registry. Use of continuous haemodiafiltration: an approach to the management of acute renal failure in the critically ill. Continuous renal replacement therapies: anticoagulation in the critically ill at high risk of bleeding. Continuous veno-venous hemofiltration without anticoagulation in high-risk patients. Review article: Low-molecular-weight heparin as an alternative anticoagulant to unfractionated heparin for routine outpatient haemodialysis treatments. Parenteral anticoagulants: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparin thromboprophylaxis: a meta-analysis. Safety and efficacy of low molecular weight heparins for hemodialysis in patients with end-stage renal failure: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Chronic intermittent haemodialysis and prevention of clotting in the extracorporal system. Meta-analysis: low-molecularweight heparin and bleeding in patients with severe renal insufficiency. Nafamostat mesilate: a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis in patients at high risk for bleeding. Anticoagulation with nafamostat mesilate, a synthetic protease inhibitor, in hemodialysis patients with a bleeding risk. Superior outcome of nafamostat mesilate as an anticoagulant in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis with intracerebral hemorrhage. Agranulocytosis in a haemodialysed patient induced by a proteinase inhibitor, nafamostate mesilate. Enhanced blood coagulation and enhanced fibrinolysis during hemodialysis with prostacyclin. Regional citrate versus systemic heparin anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement in critically ill patients. Regional citrate versus heparin anticoagulation during venovenous hemofiltration in patients at low risk for bleeding: similar hemofilter survival but significantly less bleeding. Regional citrate versus systemic heparin for anticoagulation in critically ill patients on continuous venovenous haemofiltration: a prospective randomized multicentre trial. Regional anticoagulation with citrate is superior to systemic anticoagulation with heparin in critically ill patients undergoing continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration. A pilot randomized controlled crossover study comparing regional heparinization to regional citrate anticoagulation for continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Regional citrate anticoagulation for continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis in critically ill patients. Metabolic complications during regional citrate anticoagulation in continuous venovenous hemodialysis: single-center experience. Regional citrate anticoagulation using a citrate-based substitution solution for continuous venovenous hemofiltration in cardiac surgery patients. The use of regional citrate anticoagulation for continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration in acute kidney injury. Citrate pharmacokinetics and metabolism in cirrhotic and noncirrhotic critically ill patients. Citrate plasma levels in patients under regional anticoagulation in continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Increased total to ionized calcium ratio during continuous venovenous hemodialysis with regional citrate anticoagulation. Detection of citrate overdose in critically ill patients on citrate-anticoagulated venovenous haemofiltration: use of ionised and total/ionised calcium. Continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients: monitoring circuit function. Hemostatic alterations during continuous venovenous hemofiltration in acute renal failure. Heparin use in continuous renal replacement procedures: the struggle between filter coagulation and patient hemorrhage. A controlled trial of low-molecular-weight heparin (dalteparin) versus unfractionated heparin as anticoagulant during continuous venovenous hemodialysis with filtration. Nadroparin versus dalteparin anticoagulation in high-volume, continuous venovenous hemofiltration: a double-blind, randomized, crossover study. Iloprost for additional anticoagulation in continuous renal replacement therapya pilot study. Anticoagulation with prostaglandins and unfractionated heparin during continuous venovenous haemofiltration: a randomized controlled trial. Continuous haemofiltration in acute renal failure with prostacyclin as the sole anti-haemostatic agent. Anticoagulation with prostacyclin and heparin during continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Regional filter heparinization for continuous veno-venous hemofiltration in liver transplant recipients. Alternative methods of anticoagulation for dialysis-dependent patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Anticoagulation options for patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia requiring renal support in the intensive care unit. Pediatric hemofiltration: Normocarb dialysate solution with citrate anticoagulation.
Yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae were applied to the clarified must after the must turbidity fungus gnats attracted to light discount ketoconazole 200 mg with amex. Clarification consisted of preparation of highly pure cellulose fungus puns discount ketoconazole 200mg on-line, polyvinylpolypyrrolidone quinoa antifungal diet buy discount ketoconazole 200mg online, gelatin and mineral adsorbents fungus plague inc brutal cheap ketoconazole 200mg online. The process of fermentation took place at a standard temperature of 15 °C for 14 days. After the fermentation completion the wine was added and subsequently clarified with bentonite. After clarification was coiled up, filtered, and after thorough preparation to be bottled. Produced wines were evaluated after finishing of the wine by selected sensory methods - 100-point rating system, profile and semantic differential method. It is characterized by the fact that each sample must be from a large number of descriptors defined ones that best match a given sample. Profile method results are the product of intensity scales, which are compiled either for a variety of descriptors or for individual characters. In this method, in most cases are selected 3 factors: rating scale good - bad, activity on a scale active - passive and robustness on scale strong - weak (Suzuki et al. In appearance evaluators followed the clarity and color of the samples, the intensity of its aroma, softness and quality and with smell its intensity, grade, quality of taste and persistence. The fourth endpoint was overall impression of wine treated in evaluating on the evaluator. Based on the results (Table 1) of the 100-point evaluation, we can conclude that the sensory evaluators for the best specimens identified production experimental technology sample C, in which the maximum dose used was the clarification preparation of fining agents in must and must was subsequently yeasted with pure culture yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The second best sample was sample D of Savignon Y with the minimum dose of fining agents. Based on the results we can focus on the fact that variant Sauvignon Y was of better quality for wine production compared to variant Sauvignon X. For the evaluation of the profile method we used descriptors of smell typical for the variety Sauvignon. Wines made from Sauvignon varieties are characterized by distinctive sensory properties. They can contain herbal tones, gooseberry, grapefruit, green pepper, red pepper and also tomato leaf (Pulko et al. They argue that these so called green tones are an important feature in the evaluation of wines, but should not dominate. These so called green tones dominate especially at lower sugar content, while at higher sugar content are dominated by fruity notes and tropical fruit. Sauvignon varieties are sometimes considered to be simple and non flower white varieties (Parr et al. The most striking peach aroma had wine samples C, which were produced under the maximum clearing technology of must using yeast, contrary to the lowest level occurred in the sample B produced by static blowdown using yeast. Grapefruit has been identified in all samples at low intensity, strongest is in the sample B. Other citrus fruits such as lemon and lime dominated in the sample C produced using the maximum fining agents in must, for which dominated also the smell of acacia flowers. Meadow flowers predominated in the sample D, in which the minimal dose clarified fermentation was used using pure yeast culture. In the sample C evaluators also identified honey aroma, which almost did not occur in other samples. In the same sample were set at a higher level and nettle tones, fresh grass and green tea. Tones of hay and straw, as well as other flavorings prevailed in the sample D, these did not almost occur in other samples almost. Green apple fragrance was present in all samples, this aroma, which was noticeable at a lower level. Citrus notes such as orange, lemon and lime were evident in the sample A and in that sample was present banana aroma, but just like the smell of other citrus fruits was low. Scent of acacia flowers and the scent of green tea was also prevalent in the sample B. Honey scent is equally strong in all samples, except for sample D, which occurs only at very low levels. The method is derived from a 100 point system, while we determine the intensity of each evaluation descriptors. All samples were evaluated as sparkly, differences between the samples were minimal. Significant differences in the quality the evaluators found in the characteristics of acidity, flavor, variety, attractiveness and persistence. The harmony of taste and flavor were the most valuable specimens, which was used for Ciriaco, settling material. Variety for all variants was set at a moderate level n terms of attractiveness for consumers were the best samples C and D blowdown with the help of the clarification plant. When evaluating samples of Sauvignon Y reached the best quality in all the characteristics the sample C, i. Rated variants surpassed in all respects, most notably it was in harmony characteristics, palatability, variety, attractiveness and persistence. The goal was to assess the effect of clearing on the sensory profile of wine varieties Sauvignon. We used two variants with different sugar content of must and 4 different ways of must clarification. Based on the evaluation results, we can conclude that the wines from both alternatives had a very good sensory quality. On the basis of a 100 point system was as a better sample identified the one from a late harvest, which reached a higher sugar content, but also better overall sensory profile of the characteristics flavor. By evaluation sample profile method, we focused on monitoring the aromatic profile of wines. We found that for evaluators were most attractive wine samples, which musts were before fermentation clarified by the clarification formulation at a dose of 100 g. These samples were characterized by strong peach flavor and aroma of green apples, which were gently completed by the scent of citrus fruits, acacia flowers and honey. Significant differences in scent-profile were found between samples variation Sauvignon X. By semantic differential we evaluated the wines based on the complex sensory site, in more detailed way than the 100 - points system. We found that samples which musts were before fermentation clarified with the help of the clarification plant were better evaluated in palatability traits, harmony, variety and persistence. Based on the results of the sensory evaluation methods of wine, we can conclude that the clarification and then fermenting of musts for using pure cultures of yeast has a beneficial effect on the sensory character and overall attractiveness of wine. Volatile and sensory profile of organic red wines produced by different selected autochthonous and commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Can spectroscopy geographically classify Sauvignon Blanc wines from Australia and New Zealand. How to follow grape maturity for wine professionals with a seasonal judge training. Influence of fermentation temperature on volatile thiols concentrations in Sauvignon blanc wines. Influence of clarification treatment on concentration of selected free varietal aroma. The distinctive flavour of New Zealand Sauvignon blanc: Sensory characterisation by wine professionals. Evaluation of French and New Zealand Sauvignon wines by experienced French wine assessors. Effect of 20 different yeast strains on the production of volatile components in Symphony wine. Influence of various rootstocks on the yield and grape composition of sauvignon blanc. Influence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strain on the major volatile compounds of wine. Bovine microsatellite loci are highly conserved in red deer (Cervus elaphus), sika deer (Cervus nippon) and Soay sheep (Ovis aries).
It is also conceivable that the amount of bias and instability (imprecision) will vary in a number of more subtle ways antifungal cream for nails discount 200mg ketoconazole with mastercard, such as those illustrated in Figure 9 fungus on grass 200mg ketoconazole with mastercard. The differences between the averages of the sample Os and the true population value (X) indicate the amount of bias antifungal diflucan order ketoconazole 200mg line. Notice that the instability is constant within each row antifungal vitamins herbs purchase 200 mg ketoconazole visa, going from a high amount in row 1 to no instability in row 3. The amount of bias is constant within each column, going from a high amount in column 1 to zero bias in column 3. An 0 denotes a particular sampling unit, X represents the true population mean, and the horizontal line indicates the underlying continuum on which the relevant values are determined. The distance between the true population mean and the midpoint of the sampling units indicates the amount of biasedness. The spreading (variability) among the sampling units indicates their relative degree of instability. In the three cases in row 3 there is no instability, but there is much bias in column 1, some bias in column 2, and none in column 3. The case at the intersection of row 3 and column 3 is the best of all situations because there is no bias and no instability. Generally speaking, instability results when the observations within a sample are highly variable and the number of observations is small. Thus, the more alike (homogeneous) the members of the population, the fewer of them that need to be sampled. If all members of the popUlation were exactly alike (as at the intersection of row 3 and column 3), we could choose any observation (0) to provide information about the population (X) as a whole. A variation on this idea is sometimes presumed to be an implicit assumption in experimental research in which convenience samples are used, the notion being that people are people, and that probabilistic assertions derived from any of them will be characteristic (although to varying degrees) of all of them. Of course, within convenience samples there may be specifically designated subgroups. However, the subgroups are usually selected in a convenient or haphazard way (as if all women were the same, or all men the same). Increasing the size of the samples might reduce the instability or imprecision, but by itself it cannot reduce the bias; A famous historical case occurred in 1936, when Franklin D. Most people thought that Roosevelt would win easily, but a nonrandom poll conducted by a current events magazine, the Literary Digest, predicted that Landon would win an overwhelming victory. Moreover, this time, they announced they had based their prediction on a sample of 2. The lists had actually been compiled for solicitation purposes, and advertising was included with the straw vote ballot (D. One problem was that few people in 1936 had a telephone (only one in four households), owned a car, or belonged to a club, so that the final list was biased in favor of wealthy Republican households. Another problem was that there was a large number of nonrespondents, and subsequent analyses suggest that had they responded, the results might have been very different (Squire, 1988). As it turned out, the election voting was split pretty much along economic lines, the more affluent voting for Landon and the less affluent voting for Roosevelt. The Digest could have used the fact that the sample was top-heavy in upper-income Republicans to correct its estimate, but it deliberately ignored this information. Instead, the Digest proudly proclaimed that the "figures had been neither weighted, adjusted, nor interpreted. We will have more to say about stratified sampling, but the least complicated method of random sampling is to take a list of people and randomly select names from the list, a procedure called simple random sampling. The simple means that the sample is selected from an undivided population, and the random means that the sample is chosen by a process that gives every unit in the population the same chance of being selected. Simple random sampling can also be done in other ways, although the most common procedure is to use random digits. However, suppose we want to dramatically select numbers at random for a state lottery. We might have ping-pong balls, each with a different number painted on it, and then stir them and use a chance procedure to select one ball at a time. Or we might use a roulette wheel to select the numbers, although the same numbers might tum up more than once. As another illustration of the use of random digits, suppose we want to select 10 men and 10 women from a population totaling 96 men and 99 women, and we have a list of all of them. We would begin by numbering the men in the population consecutively from 01 to 96 and the women in the population consecutively from 01 to 99. The left-hand column is for reference only, and the other columns contain random digits in sets of five. Each digit from 0 to 9 occurred 10 percent of the time in the overall table of random digits. We now do our simple random sampling by putting our finger blindly on some starting position. We read across the line two digits at a time, then across the next line, and so forth, until we have chosen individually at random the 10 male subjects. We do the same thing, beginning at another blindly chosen point, until we have selected the 10 female subjects. Beginning with the number 12807, we would select men numbered 12, 80, 79, and so on. Suppose we chose the same two-digit number more than once, or chose a two-digit number not represented by any name in the popUlation. What if we were forced to skip many numbers in the table because they were too large? For example, what if there were 450 members in the population and we wanted to select 50 individually at random? Because the population is numbered from 001 to 450 we will have to skip approximately half the three-digit numbers our finger points to . One way to handle this problem (acceptable in terms of random sampling) is mentally to subtract 500 from any number in the range from 501 to 999. Previously, we alluded to random sampling with or without the replacement of the chosen unit. In random sampling without replacement, a selected unit cannot be reselected and must be disregarded on any later draw. If we were randomly choosing winners of door prizes and wanted to spread out the prizes, we would not put the chosen tickets back into the pool, because we do not want to give the same person more than one prize. In the lottery example mentioned above, if there were 100 ping-pong balls, the probability of the first ball drawn is 1/100. When we eliminate the first ball, the probability of the second ball drawn is 1/99, and so on. The population shrinks, but the balls remaining still have an equal chance of being selected on the next occasion. In random sampling with replacement, the selected units are placed in the sampling pool again and may be reselected on subsequent draws. Thus, every unit in the population continues to have the same likelihood of being chosen every time a random number is read. Tossing a coin would be sampling with replacement, in this case from a population consisting of two elements, heads and tails (Kish, 1965). Congress passed a bill allowing the use of a random lottery to select conscripts for the armed forces. To give each man an equal chance of being selected, the 365 days of the year were written on slips of paper and placed inside tiny cylindrical capsules. Once the capsqles were inside the urn, it was shaken for several hours, and then the capsules were removed, one by one. However, capsules are very difficult to stir thoroughly, and it turned out that the results were biased: the birth dates in December were more likely to be drawn first, those in November next, then those in October, and so on. The reason was that the January capsules were put in the urn first, the February capsules next, and so forth, and layers were formed with the December capsules on top. Even stirring the urn for several hours did not ensure a thorough mixing of the capsules (Broome, 1984; Kolata, 1986). Instead of birth dates, selective service numbers were put into capsules, and the capsules into a bowl and stirred, but subsequent analysis of the results indicated that they were also biased.
When these additives were fed to pregnant rats antifungal cream for scalp order ketoconazole 200mg fast delivery, many of the pups were growth-retarded and/or had skeletal and visceral abnormalities antifungal horse purchase ketoconazole 200 mg fast delivery. Only 3% of pups of the rats fed high doses of curcumin (a natural coloring) were growth-retarded fungus gnats pesticide order ketoconazole 200 mg overnight delivery, and they had no other abnormalities fungus nail laser purchase 200mg ketoconazole otc. Hedman 1981 Tiny amounts of Yellow 5 cause contractions in the trachea smooth muscle of guinea pigs. Helal 2001 Rats fed sodium nitrite with Yellow 6 had a decrease in body weight and fewer red and white blood cells. A number of tests for glucose, thyroid, calcium, cholesterol, and enzymes were abnormal, leading to the conclusion that "even the permitted doses of colourants and food preservatives may be harmful. Kamel 2011 this study in rats concluded there is sufficient scientific evidence of a true causal link between tartrazine (Yellow 5) and hyperactivity, anxiety and depression-like behavior. Koutsogeorgopoulou 1998 Results showed clear immuno-suppressive effects of Red 2 and Yellow 5. Page 28 Kroes 2002 Using the Threshold of Toxicological Concern, a de minimis value can be set for chemicals of unknown toxicity. Lau 2006 Inhibition of neuron growth indicates neurotoxicity during development. The combinations were synergistic, far more toxic than expected by adding up the effect of each one tested alone. Mehedi 2009 Mice fed Yellow 5 in their water have fewer sperm and more sperm abnormalities. Since the dyes react to light, causing rough skin, people with facial inflammation should avoid cosmetics, say the authors. Sweeney 1994 Intestinal bacteria "reduce" the azo bond in azo dyes, producing superoxide free radicals, thus confirming that azo dyes are a source of genotoxic agents (resulting in mutations or cancer). The pups weighed more and had trouble turning over and finding a source of an odor. Pups had trouble with surface righting (turning over), negative geotaxis (crawling upwards), swimming direction, and swimming head angle. Tanaka 2006 When mice ate Yellow 5, activity and body weight increased, and some developmental milestones changed. When rats ate Red 40, their reproductive success, parent and pup weight, brain weight, survival, and female vaginal development were reduced. Ward 1997 In hyperactive children, Yellows 5 and 6 significantly lowered zinc levels, causing one or more of the following symptoms: overactivity, aggression, violence, poor speech, poor coordination, asthma, eczema. Hyperactive children were low in zinc and iron, but high in aluminum, cadmium and lead. Dengate 2002 Calcium propionate (a bread preservative) caused irritability, restlessness, inattention and sleep disturbance in children on an additive-free diet. Vitamin E (alpha tocopherol, a natural antioxidant) is not carcinogenic and is safe to use in higher doses. Pups were born at normal weight but lost weight while nursing and did not gain it back. There were developmental problems in the pups, starting during the lactation period. In this study, the authors show that this injury elicits an inflammatory response with elevated expression of enzymes in the eicosanoid pathway. Under an electron microscope, the liver cells showed gradual vacuolization (holes) and disintegration, a "moth-eaten" appearance, withered mitochondria (mitochondria control cell energy), and necrosis (death). Antioxidants with no harm to oocyte maturation included ascorbic acid and vitamin E. Body weight of the pups was higher at birth and during lactation for each generation. They also affect the mitochondrial membrane, causing calcium release and mitochondrial swelling. However, products containing them are marked in the Feingold Foodlist for those who wish to avoid them. Our experience has been that about 20% of our members are intolerant of corn syrup, although most of them can tolerate ordinary cane sugar with no problem. Other names for corn syrup are Dextrose, Glucose, High Fructose Corn Syrup, Corn Sweetener, Maltodextrin, and Corn Syrup Solids. Dufault 2009 Samples of corn syrup were found to contain mercury from manufacturing plants at levels up to 0. The authors say that mercury exposure alters neuronal function and increases oxidative stress. Some food color additives have also been shown to lead to deficiency in zinc, required for mercury elimination. It promotes the formation of toxic chemicals involved in aging, in diabetes complications, and in hardening of the arteries. It may be partly responsible for the increase in obesity, diabetes mellitus, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The authors say that the evidence suggests it is more harmful than generally recognized. Although it causes a smaller increase in blood glucose and insulin than sugar does, there are undesirable effects that show up later. Some people who seem to be sugar-intolerant may be reacting to chemicals used in the manufacture of refined sugar. Inam 2006 Serotonin is a neurotransmitter important in mood, stress, and attention. One group of rats was fed a the Wolraich study is often quoted to "prove" that parents are poor judges and that sugar is not harmful to behavior. However, the study did not test the synthetic dyes, artificial flavorings or preservatives found in foods like candies and soda. It did not even use the same kind of sweetener found in most of these foods, so the results are of little value. Wolraich 1994 Children whose parents said they were "sugar-sensitive" were tested with a series of three diets - one with sugar, one with aspartame, and one with saccharin. Wolraich concluded that the three sweeteners could not all be "equally bad" because the children had improved continuously during the nine weeks of the study. Note: Since all three diets were without artificial food colorings, flavorings, and preservatives, this improvement is not surprising. Christian 2004 Rats getting aspartame in their drinking water took longer to run a T-Maze, indicating an effect on memory. Changes were seen in receptor densities in various parts of their brains, as well as enzymes. Kim 2011 Zebrafish were fed aspartame or saccharin with a high cholesterol diet. Those fed saccharin got high cholesterol; 30% of those fed aspartame died with "swimming defects" and inflamed brain and liver cells. Lowen 2011 Results from several large population studies suggest regular consumption of artificial sweeteners like aspartame and sucralose may actually contribute to rather than combat weight gain and diabetes. Maher 1987 If mice are given enough aspartame to elevate plasma phenylalanine levels more than tyrosine levels (which happens in humans too), seizures are more easily induced. Roberts 2001 Aspartame-induced disorders include headache, confusion, convulsions, irritability, depression, intellectual deterioration, antisocial behavior, rashes, asthma and unstable diabetes, as well as actual addiction to aspartame-containing products. He told Congress that they were violating the Delaney Amendment since aspartame can trigger brain tumors. Specifically, no products containing sucralose (Splenda) or saccharine (Sweet `N Low) are listed in the Feingold Foodlist books. It is made from sugar by replacing certain parts of the sugar molecule with chlorine. It thus becomes a chlorocarbon whose chemical structure is closer to a pesticide than a sugar. It is often bulked up with puffed corn syrup solids, with almost 5 calories per teaspoon (legally called "zero"). Feingold members who had used Splenda were asked for feedback, and reported racing heart, stomach ache, head banging, crying, asthma attack, depression, yeast infection, and memory loss. It is not known whether these effects were caused by the sucralose itself or the corn syrup component.
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