There is spasms under eye 135mg colospa, however muscle relaxant whole foods order colospa 135mg, an upper limit: a point where adding more members does not increase conformity muscle relaxant pregnancy category generic colospa 135mg without prescription. At numbers beyond seven spasms gums 135 mg colospa free shipping, conformity leveled off and decreased slightly (Asch, 1955). The finding that conformity is more likely to occur when responses are public than when they are private is the reason government elections require voting in secret, so we are not coerced by others (Figure 12. The Asch effect can be easily seen in children when they have to publicly vote for something. For example, if the teacher asks whether the children would rather have extra recess, no homework, or candy, once a few children vote, the rest will comply and go with the majority. In a different classroom, the majority might vote differently, and most of the children would comply with that majority. Compliance is going along with a request or demand, even if you do not agree with the request. The correct answer to the line segment question was obvious, and it was an easy task. Researchers have categorized the motivation to conform into two types: normative social influence and informational social influence (Deutsch & Gerard, 1955). In normative social influence, people conform to the group norm to fit in, to feel good, and to be accepted by the group. However, with informational social influence, people conform because they believe the group is competent and has the correct information, particularly when the task or situation is ambiguous. Since the line judgment task was unambiguous, participants did not need to rely on the group for information. Instead, participants complied to fit in and avoid ridicule, an instance of normative social influence. An example of informational social influence may be what to do in an emergency situation. Imagine that you are in a movie theater watching a film and what seems to be smoke comes in the theater from under the emergency exit door. You are not certain that it is smoke-it might be a special effect for the movie, such as a fog machine. When you are uncertain you will tend to look at the behavior of others in the theater. However, if others seem unconcerned, you are likely to stay put and continue watching the movie (Figure 12. Many students say they would not conform, that the study is outdated, and that people nowadays are more independent. People often comply with the request because they are concerned about a consequence if they do not comply. To demonstrate this phenomenon, we review another classic social psychology experiment. Stanley Milgram was a social psychology professor at Yale who was influenced by the trial of Adolf Eichmann, a Nazi war criminal. The volunteer participants were led to believe that they were participating in a study to improve learning and memory. The participants were told that they were to teach other students (learners) correct answers to a series of test items. The participants were shown how to use a device that they were told delivered electric shocks of different intensities to the learners. The participants were told to shock the learners if they gave a wrong answer to a test item-that the shock would help them to learn. The participants gave (or believed they gave) the learners shocks, which increased in 15-volt increments, all the way up to 450 volts. The participants did not know that the learners were confederates and that the confederates did not actually receive shocks. The confederate learners cried out for help, begged the participant teachers to stop, and even complained of heart trouble. Yet, when the researcher told the participant-teachers to continue the shock, 65% of the participants continued the shock to the maximum voltage and to the point that the learner became unresponsive (Figure 12. What makes someone obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person? Two out of three (65%) participants continued to administer shocks to an unresponsive learner. Several variations of the original Milgram experiment were conducted to test the boundaries of obedience. When certain features of the situation were changed, participants were less likely to continue to deliver shocks (Milgram, 1965). For example, when the setting of the experiment was moved to an office building, the percentage of participants who delivered the highest shock dropped to 48%. When the learner was in the same room as the teacher, the highest shock rate dropped to 40%. These variations show that when the humanity of the person being shocked was increased, obedience decreased. In a study by Martin and Bull (2008), midwives privately filled out a questionnaire regarding best practices and expectations in delivering a baby. Then, a more senior midwife and supervisor asked the junior midwives to do something they had previously stated they were opposed to . Most of the junior midwives were obedient to authority, going against their own beliefs. Whether it is due to normative or informational social influence, groups have power to influence individuals. Groupthink is the modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus (Janis, 1972). In group situations, the group often takes action that individuals would not perform outside the group setting because groups make more extreme decisions than individuals do. Moreover, groupthink 426 Chapter 12 Social Psychology can hinder opposing trains of thought. One example occurred when the United States led a small coalition of nations to invade Iraq in March 2003. This invasion occurred because a small group of advisors and former President George W. Bush were convinced that Iraq represented a significant terrorism threat with a large stockpile of weapons of mass destruction at its disposal. Although some of these individuals may have had some doubts about the credibility of the information available to them at the time, in the end, the group arrived at a consensus that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction and represented a significant threat to national security. It later came to light that Iraq did not have weapons of mass destruction, but not until the invasion was well underway. Here is a video of Colin Powell discussing the information he had, 10 years after his famous United Nations speech. When the group is highly cohesive, or has a strong sense of connection, maintaining group harmony may become more important to the group than making sound decisions. If the group leader is directive and makes his opinions known, this may discourage group members from disagreeing with the leader. If the group is isolated from hearing alternative or new viewpoints, groupthink may be more likely. There are several strategies that can improve group decision making including seeking outside opinions, voting in private, having the leader withhold position statements until all group members have voiced their views, conducting research on all viewpoints, weighing the costs and benefits of all options, and developing a contingency plan (Janis, 1972; Mitchell & Eckstein, 2009). Group polarization (Teger & Pruitt, 1967) is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group. That is, if a group initially favors a viewpoint, after discussion the group consensus is likely a this OpenStax book is available for free at cnx. Conversely, if the group was initially opposed to a viewpoint, group discussion would likely lead to stronger opposition. Group polarization explains many actions taken by groups that would not be undertaken by individuals. Group polarization can be observed at political conventions, when platforms of the party are supported by individuals who, when not in a group, would decline to support them. Does your opinion change if you find someone attractive, but your friends do not agree?
Better detection methods are urgently needed spasms while high generic colospa 135mg free shipping, and molecular detection methods may surpass current techniques spasms vs cramps purchase colospa 135 mg with amex. At the same time muscle relaxant hamstring discount colospa 135mg fast delivery, more effort is required to encourage adherence to the proven cancer screening modalities muscle relaxant high cheap 135 mg colospa otc. Adherence to screening is less than optimal for all the major recommended screening techniques. Not only are those who have inherited a mutation for cancer susceptibility at higher risk for developing some cancers, but often the age at onset among such individuals is younger than the age at onset in the general population. Further study is needed to establish efficacious screening protocols for those who are genetically predisposed to cancer. Finally, there are new screening modalities on the horizon, such as low-dose helical computed tomography scans for detecting early lung cancers. In screening, as in other areas of medicine and public health, the inclination to recommend screening tests on the basis of an intriguing and promising study must be balanced by a careful assessment of the evidence. Recommendations for follow-up care of individuals with an inherited predisposition to cancer. Benefits and risks of screening mammography for women in their forties: a statistical appraisal. May we agree to disagree, or how do we develop guidelines for breast cancer screening in women? The Swedish two-county trial of mammographic screening for breast cancer: recent results and calculation of benefit. Mammographic screening and mortality from breast cancer: the Malmц mammographic screening trial. Evaluation of overdiagnosis of breast cancer in screening with mammography: results of the Nijmegen programme. 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