Reports and publications will include a complete accounting of all patients registered to this study medicine tablets best kemadrin 5mg. Secondary endpoints include overall survival treatment lead poisoning buy 5 mg kemadrin fast delivery, cumulative incidence of local recurrence medicine 2015 song buy kemadrin 5mg on-line, cumulative incidence of distant metastases lb 95 medications cheap 5mg kemadrin amex, acute and late adverse effects, and patient-reported quality of life. These models assume that the recurrence or death rate is initially high, but declines rapidly over time, while the death rate starts lower and decays at a slightly slower rate. This relative decrease in recurrence or death rate translates into increasing the three-year recurrence-free survival from 61% to 70% and the three-year survival from 72% to 79%. Each item in the subscales listed above are scored using a five-point scale (0=not at all; 1=a little bit; 2=somewhat; 3=quite a bit; 4=very much). A subscale score will be computed as long as more than 50% of subscale items have been answered. An exploratory data analysis is planned to assess patient-reported gastrointestinal symptoms between the two groups using similar methods described above. Missing information is troublesome, particularly in studies involving repeated patient assessments. The distribution of these reasons/missed assessments will be evaluated over time between the treatment arms for comparability. The second planned interim analysis will be performed when there are at least 210 events reported (estimated to occur at least 3 months after target accrual is reached). The possibility of additional unplanned interim analyses of efficacy is taken into consideration in the plans below. Interim analysis for efficacy: the previously described stratified logrank test will be used to compare recurrence-free survival distributions between the experimental regimen and the control regimen at each interim analysis. If the study is closed early, an additional period of follow-up for data maturity will also be considered prior to releasing the final report. This will require evaluating the benefit of observing additional failures with the cost of postponing the release of the final report to observe these failures. It has been shown that there is only a very small increase in Type I error associated with this type of interim analysis plan, even in the event of additional (unplanned) interim analyses using the 0. Design assumptions: Assumptions made to determine sample size will be checked prior to the planned time of closing the study to patient entry. This will not involve a comparison of treatment arms but will be based upon aggregated data. A randomized comparison of doxorubicin alone versus doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide in the management of advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study. A trial of outpatient paclitaxel and carboplatin for advanced, recurrent, and histologic high-risk endometrial carcinoma: preliminary report. What is the best chemotherapy regimen in recurrent or advanced endometrial carcinoma? Surgery and postoperative radiotherapy versus surgery alone for patients with stage-1 endometrial carcinoma: multicentre randomised trial. Paclitaxel and concomitant radiotherapy in high-risk endometrial cancer patients: preliminary findings. Induction chemotherapy plus radiation compared with surgery plus radiation in patients with advanced laryngeal cancer. Pelvic radiation with concurrent chemotherapy compared with pelvic and para-aortic radiation for high-risk cervical cancer. The functional assessment of Cancer Therapy Scale: Development and validation of the general measure. All translational research specimens and accompanying paperwork must be labeled with this coded patient number. The label must fit on the slide and should not be wrapped around the slide or hang over the edge. Note: If stained slides (required to confirm patient eligibility by central pathology review) will be cut from the same block that will be submitted for translational research, your pathology department should cut the slides for staining prior to submitting the block for translational research. Whole blood specimens should be refrigerated (4°C) until the specimens can be shipped. If you do not have these materials available at your institution, you may order them from any supplier Shipping Whole Blood Using Your Own Shipping Container Place the whole blood specimen in a biohazard bag containing absorbent material. Print a pre-paid FedEx air bill using the Kit Management application (found under Data Entry on the Web Menu page). Investigators will be responsible for the direct supervision and oversight of translational research and for keeping accurate records of all specimen testing. In addition, the patient cannot be removed from any research that has been done with her specimens distributed prior to revoking consent. However, the doses will be recalculated if the patient has a weight change of greater than or equal to 10% from baseline. It will be acceptable for individual chemotherapy doses to be delivered within a "24-hour window before and after the protocol-defined date" for "Day 1" treatment of 21 or 28 day cycles. For weekly regimens, it will be acceptable for individual chemotherapy doses to be delivered within a "24-hour window," for example; "Day 8 chemotherapy" can be delivered on Day 7, Day 8, or Day 9 and "Day 15 chemotherapy" can be given on Day 14, Day 15, or Day 16. Patients are permitted to have chemotherapy doses recalculated for <10% weight changes. For chemotherapy dose calculations that use mg/kg, there will be no maximum kilogram amount used (doses will be calculated on actual weight in kg). Medicare Claims Processing Manual Chapter 18 - Preventive and Screening Services Table of Contents (Rev. The definition of preventive services and the corresponding table of services are reflective of preventive services available in Medicare as of January 1, 2011. These provisions are effective for services furnished on and after January 1, 2011. Part B deductible and coinsurance do not apply for pneumococcal, influenza, and hepatitis virus vaccine. State laws governing who may administer pneumococcal and influenza virus vaccinations and how the vaccines may be transported vary widely. Medicare contractors should instruct physicians, suppliers, and providers to become familiar with state regulations for all vaccines in the areas where they will be immunizing. Medicare does not require for coverage purposes, that a doctor of medicine or osteopathy order the pneumococcal vaccine and its administration. Medicare does not require for coverage purposes that a doctor of medicine or osteopathy order the vaccine. See the Medicare Benefit Policy Manual, Chapter 15, for additional coverage requirements for hepatitis B vaccines to high risk and intermediate risk groups. However, first claim development is performed if other services are submitted along with pneumococcal or influenza virus vaccines. B Institutional Claims Chapter 25 of this manual provides general billing instructions that must be followed for institutional claims. The only exceptions to this rule occur when the vaccine is administered during the course of an otherwise covered home health visit since the vaccine or its administration is not included in the visit charge. C Professional Claims Billing for Additional Services If a physician sees a beneficiary for the sole purpose of administering the influenza virus vaccine, the pneumococcal vaccine, and/or the hepatitis B vaccine, they may not routinely bill for an office visit. However, if the beneficiary actually receives other services constituting an "office visit" level of service, the physician may bill for a visit in addition to the vaccines and their administration, and Medicare will pay for the visit in addition to the vaccines and their administration if it is reasonable and medically necessary. Effective for claims with dates of service on or after February 1, 2001, per §114 of the Benefits Improvement and Protection Act of 2000, all drugs and biologicals must be paid based on mandatory assignment. Therefore, regardless of whether the physician and supplier usually accept assignment, they must accept assignment for the vaccines, may not collect any fee up front, and must submit the claim for the beneficiary. Separate Claims for Vaccine and Their Administration In situations in which the vaccine and the administration are furnished by two different entities, the entities should submit separate claims. This procedure results in contractors receiving two claims, one for the vaccine and one for its administration. If the sole purpose for the visit is to receive a vaccine or if a vaccine is the only service billed on a claim, the applicable following diagnosis code may be used. If a diagnosis code for pneumococcus, hepatitis B, or influenza virus vaccination is not reported on a claim, contractors may not enter the diagnosis on the claim.
It is typically determined by matching an address to a reference file or by identifying the residence using satellite imagery medicine 3202 kemadrin 5 mg discount. If you do not know your Michigan Facility Number medicine 44-527 buy 5mg kemadrin overnight delivery, contact your field representative or contact Amy Marquardt or Jetty Alverson medications used to treat bipolar buy discount kemadrin 5mg on-line. Do not use nicknames in this field; nicknames should be used in Alias Name field only symptoms 2 months pregnant purchase kemadrin 5mg without a prescription. Examples: If the patient is multiracial Code all races using Race 1 through Race 5. If the person is multiracial and one of the races is Hawaiian Code Hawaiian as Race 1, followed by the other race(s). If unknown, and if follow-back has been conducted, record as such in this field so it is clear that follow-back has been attempted. High-quality text documentation facilitates consolidation of information from multiple reporting sources at the central registry. If cancer abstraction software generates text automatically from codes, the text cannot be utilized to check coded values. Information documenting the disease process should be entered manually from the medical record and should not be generated electronically from coded values. When the supporting text information is printed for review, one should be able to re-abstract the case without obtaining additional medical records and have the same codes as the original abstract. This includes experimental treatments (when the mechanism of action for a drug is unknown), and blinded clinical trials. If the mechanism of action for the experimental drug is known, code to the appropriate treatment field. Required for Text: · Date radiation treatment began · Where treatment was given. An abstract submitted with codes that lack supporting text data will be rejected in its entirety. These facilities should report this value only when it is documented in the medical record; otherwise leave blank. If the patient quit smoking one year or less from the initial date of diagnosis, indicate "current use. Paper form submission: Paper Form Item 18: Mark appropriate value: current use, prior use, never used or unknown. This refers to size measured on the surgical resection specimen, when surgery is administered as the first definitive treatment, i. If neoadjuvant therapy is followed by surgery, do not record the size from the pathologic specimen. Code the largest size of tumor prior to neoadjuvant treatment; if unknown code size as 999. As is consistent with Administrative Rules; the cooperation of facility personnel in these four areas is essential. As cancer reports are received and processed, each will be reviewed for completeness, legibility and consistency. Contact with the reporting entity will occur to resolve identified problems in these areas as reports are initially processed and later as final processing occurs. Prompt attention to such issues by the personnel responsible for completing these reports is important for smooth processing. In assessing the quality of the cancer reports received from across the state, the office will contact hospitals, laboratories or registries for access to or copies of pertinent records. This is necessary in order to evaluate the quality and completeness of the information received from individual reporting entities. Problems that are identified during such reviews will be addressed as necessary to maintain or improve data quality and usefulness. When a research study is approved by the Director of the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, study subjects will be drawn from the state registry. Hospitals, laboratories and registries will be contacted concerning each case reported by them to ascertain the physician treating the patient. Through this process, physicians can then be contacted and patient consent obtained. The Michigan Cancer Surveillance Program is required to conduct death clearance at least once a year. Through the death follow back study we add cases yearly which helps to create a more complete state cancer registry. If followback information is obtained, the case may be added as a missed incidence report. If an Unlinked Death Survey is forwarded to a facility, the cancer-related death information could not be obtained from follow-back with the certifying physician, which may include follow-back of a health care provider more closely connected with the diagnosis and /or treatment of the patient. If a cancer case report for the cancer case death cause was abstracted by the facility, attach a copy of the abstract to the Unlinked Death Survey and return in self-addressed envelope. Note: If the cancer-related death (cancer diagnosis) was identified as a missed report for the facility, in addition to completing the Unlinked Death Survey, please abstract the case and submit with next file submission. The administrative rules on cancer reporting provide the definition of a reportable cancer. The fifth digit, after the slash or solidus (/), is the behavior code and the sixth digit is the tumor grade. The first time a diagnosis of cancer is made with an "unknown primary" it should be reported as such. When reporting an unknown primary site, a behavior code "3 - malignant" must be used. For benign/borderline intracranial and central nervous system tumors, the terms "tumor" and "neoplasm" are considered clinically diagnostic for the purpose of case reporting, in addition to the terms generally applicable to malignant tumors. Histology for any of these cervical neoplasia conditions is coded as 8077 with or without the term "carcinoma in situ. Refer to the Multiple Primary & Histology Coding Rules Manual to determine single vs. If a patient has more than one lesion with these squamous histologies within a 12month period, only the lesion with earliest diagnosis date (or one lesion, if the lesions have the same diagnosis date) is eligible for inclusion. Histology codes 8140 (adenocarcinoma in situ) and 8560 (adenosquamous carcinoma) with behavior code 2 are considered to be the same for determining inclusion eligibility when reviewing multiple reports for the same patient. A subsequent lesion is eligible for inclusion only if its histology is different from the first eligible lesion. If a lesion is described as having both squamous cell carcinoma in situ and adenocarcinoma in situ, then it should be entered as two separate abstracts, one with each histology code. If a patient has an invasive tumor diagnosed more than 60 days after the in situ tumor was diagnosed, then the invasive tumor is reported as a second primary tumor. Below is a summary of the inclusion criteria for determination of an eligible case (also see Exhibit 1 & Exhibit 2). Record the histologically confirmed diagnosis in its entirety, exactly as it appears in the final diagnosis of the pathology report in the Path-Text Field. For any case that comes in with a histology code other than those listed, the pathology report should be carefully reviewed to make sure that it is not an invasive lesion (path report should specifically indicate "in situ" behavior) and that the histology has been coded accurately. Review the histologically confirmed diagnosis in its entirety to determine if any reportable conditions exist based on all reported terminology and staining results included in the pathology report. If necessary, check with lab to locate immunostaining information in patient record. Make sure the full diagnosis is reported, including all terminology and all staining information, type of test. Record the histologically confirmed diagnosis in its entirety, exactly as it appears in the final diagnosis of the pathology report. For these pre-invasive cervical cases, please enter all staining information in the Path Text Field rather than the Lab Field due to how these cases are reviewed and processed at the central registry. Lesions with histology code 8560 and behavior code 2 may also be eligible if it is determined that behavior code 2 is appropriate the pathology report should specifically indicate "in situ" behavior [since histology 8560 (adenosquamous carcinoma) is normally an invasive cancer. If a patient has more than one lesion with either of these histologies within a 12-month period, only the lesion with earliest diagnosis date (or one lesion, if the lesions have the same diagnosis date) is eligible for inclusion. If a patient is diagnosed with another pre-invasive lesion with the same histology after the 12-month period following the first eligible lesion, the subsequent lesion is eligible for inclusion. If a patient has both an in situ and invasive diagnosis on the same date, or if the invasive diagnosis follows a previously included in situ diagnosis within 60 days, the in situ diagnosis is no longer considered to be eligible and should be removed from the database. However, the date of diagnosis should remain the date the in situ tumor was diagnosed. If a patient is diagnosed with a pre-invasive (in situ) lesion within a 12-month period after having been diagnosed with an invasive lesion, the pre-invasive lesion is not considered to be eligible for inclusion.
The trophozoite has a pyriform shape and is smaller and more slender than that of T symptoms 2 days after ovulation kemadrin 5mg visa. Diagnosis is based on the recovery of the organism from the teeth symptoms quivering lips best 5mg kemadrin, gums symptoms bronchitis cheap kemadrin 5 mg without a prescription, or tonsillar crypts 714x treatment cheap 5mg kemadrin visa, and no therapy is indicated. It normally lives in the cecal region of the large intestine, where the organism feeds on bacteria and debris. Leishmania Species Clinical disease - Veseral leishmaniasis - Cutaneous leishmaniasis - Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis the species of leishmania exist in two forms, amastigote (aflagellar) and promastigote (flagellated) in their life cycle. They are transmitted by certain species of sand flies (Phlebotomus & Lutzomyia) Figure 8; Life cycle of Leishmania species 2. Visceral leishmaniasis Leishmania donovani Important features- the natural habitat of L. In the digestive tract of appropriate insects, the developmental cycle is also simple by longitudinal fission of promastigote forms. The amastigote stage appears as an ovoidal or rounded body, measuring about 2-3m in length; and the promastigotes are 15-25m lengths by 1. Pathogenesis In visceral leishmaniasis, the organs of the reticuloendothelial system (liver, spleen and bone marrow) are the most severely affected organs. Reduced bone marrow activity, coupled with cellular distraction in the spleen, results in anaemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. The spleen and liver become markedly enlarged, and hypersplenism contributes to the development of anaemia and lymphadenopathy also occurs. Increased production of globulin results in hyperglobulinemia, and reversal of the albumin-to-globulin ratio. In Mediterranean basin (European, Near Eastern, and Africa) and parts of China and Russia, the reservoir hosts are primarily dogs & foxes; in sub-Saharan Africa, rats & small carnivores are believed to be the main reservoirs. Reservoir hosts are dogs, foxes, and cats, and the vector is the Lutzomiya sand fly. As organisms proliferate & invade cells of the liver and spleen, marked enlargement of the organs, weight loss, anemia, and emaciation occurs. With persistence of the disease, deeply pigmented, granulomatous lesion of skin, referred to as post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis, occurs. Untreated visceral leishmaniasis is nearly always fatal as a result of secondary infection. Laboratory diagnosis · Examination of tissue biopsy, spleen aspiration, bone marrow aspiration or lymph node aspiration in properly stained smear. Alternative approaches include the addition of allopurinol and the use of pentamidine or amphotercin B. Prevention · · Prompt treatment of human infections and control of reservoir hosts. Pathogenesis In neutrophilic leukocytes, phagocytosis is usually successful, but in macrophages the introduced parasites round up to form amastigote and multiply. In the early stage, the lesion is characterized by the proliferation of macrophages that contain numerous amastigotes. The overlying epithelium shows acanthosis and hyperkeratosis, which is usually followed by necrosis and ulceration. The urban Cutaneous leishmaniasis is thought to be an anthroponosis while the rural cutaneous leishmaniasis is zoonosis with human infections occurring only sporadically. This lesion becomes irritated, with intense itching, and begins to enlarge & ulcerate. New World Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (American cutaneous leishmaniasis) Clinical disease: Leishmania mexicana complex- Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Leishmania braziliensis complex- mucocutaneous or cutaneous leishmaniasis Important features: the American cutaneous leishmeniasis is the same as oriental sore. But some of the strains tend to invade the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, pharynx, and larynx either initially by direct extension or by metastasis. The metastasis is usually via lymphatic channels but occasionally may be the bloodstream. Pathogenesis the lesions are confined to the skin in cutaneous leishmaiasis and to the mucous membranes, cartilage, and skin in mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Nasal, oral, and pharyngeal lesions may be polypoid initially, and then erode to form ulcers that expand to destroy the soft tissue and cartilage about the face and larynx. Epidemiology Most of the cutaneous & mucocutaneous leishmaniasis of the new world exist in enzootic cycles of infection involving wild animals, especially forest rodents. Leishmania mexicana occurs in south & Central America, especially in the Amazon 52 basin, with sloths, rodents, monkeys, and raccoons as reservoir hosts. The mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is seen from the Yucatan peninsula into Central & South America, especially in rain forests where workers are exposed to sand fly bites while invading the habitat of the forest rodents. There are many jungle reservoir hosts, and domesticated dogs serve as reservoirs as well. Clinical features the types of lesions are more varied than those of oriental sore and include Chiclero ulcer, Uta, Espundia, and Disseminated Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Laboratory diagnosis · Demonstration of the amastigotes in properly stained smears from touch preparations of ulcer biopsy specimen. Prevention · Avoiding endemic areas especially during times when local vectors are most active. In human trypanosomes of the African form, however, the amastigote and promastigote stages of development are absent. Typical trypanosome structure is an elongated spindle-shaped body that more or less tapers at both ends, a centrally situated nucleus, a kinetoplast posterior to nucleus, an undulating membrane arising from the kinetoplast and proceeding forward along the margin of the cell membrane and a single free flagellum at the anterior end. African trypanosomiasis Trypanosoma gambiense & Trypanosoma rhodesiene are causative agents of the African typanosomiasis, transmitted by insect bites. Figure 10; Life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei 54 Pathogenesis the trypomastigotes spread from the skin through the blood to the lymph node and the brain. The typical somnolence (sleeping sickness) usually progresses to coma as a result of demyelinating encephalitis. In acute form, cyclical fever spike (approximately every 2 weeks) occurs that is related to antigenic variation. As antibody mediated agglutination and lysis of the trypomastigotes occurs, the fever subsides. With a few remains of antigenic variants new fever spike occurs and the cycle repeats itself over a long period. Clinical features Although both species cause sleeping sickness, the progress of the disease is different. One of the earliest signs of disease is an occasional ulcer at the site of the fly bite. As reproduction of organisms continues, the lymph nodes are invaded, and fever, myalgia, arthralgia, and lymph node enlargement results. The patient becomes difficult to arouse or obtain a response from, eventually progressing to a comatose state. The immune responses of the host to the presence of these parasites, however, is faced with antigenic variation, in which organisms that have changed their antigenic identity can escape the host immune response and initiate another disease process with increased level of parasitemia. Laboratory Examination of thin and thick films, in concentrated anticoagulated blood preparations, and in aspiration from lymph nodes and concentrated spinal fluid. Methods for concentrating parasites in blood may be helpful approaches including centrifugation of heparinized samples and an ionexchange chromatography. Figure 11; Trypomastigote stage of Trypanosoma burcei complex Treatment the same treatment protocol is applied for these parasites. For the acute stages of the disease the drug of choice is suramin with pentamidine as an alternative. Prevention · · · Control of breeding sites of tsetse flies and use of insecticides. Avoiding insect bite by wearing protective clothing & use of screen, bed netting and insect repellants. The amastigotes can kill cells and cause inflammation, consisting mainly of mononuclear cells. In addition, neuronal damage leads to cardiac arrhythmias and loss of tone in the colon (megacolon) and esophagus (megaesophagus). Human disease is found most often among children in South and Central America, where there is direct correlation 58 between infected wild animal reservoir hosts and the presence of infected bugs whose nests are found in human dwellings.
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All of these women ultimately were coded as having "no history of rape" whereas women who screened positive for a history of rape and met confirmation criteria were coded as having a history of rape medications blood donation generic 5 mg kemadrin otc. Because 267 women in the general population sample and 100 women in the college sample provided information about two separate rape incidents (both most recent rape and first rape) treatment 2nd degree heart block generic kemadrin 5mg without a prescription, we measured case characteristics details on a total of 1 symptoms hiatal hernia buy 5mg kemadrin amex,119 sexual assault incidents (793 in the general population sample treatment tracker discount 5 mg kemadrin visa, 326 in the college sample). Number Meeting Screening Criteria For At Least One Rape and More Than One Rape, and Total Number of Incidents Within the General Population Sample (N = 3001) Yes to 1 or More Rape Screening Questions (N =605) Prevalence Estimate = 20. Number Meeting Screening Criteria For At Least One Rape and More Than One Rape, and Total Number of Incidents Within the College Sample (N = 2,000) Yes to 1 or More Rape Screening Questions (N = 252) Prevalence Estimate = 12. Results suggest that nearly 1% of women in the general population were raped in the past year (Exhibit 6). College women had a much higher prevalence of rape in the past year (Exhibit 7), although age cohort likely is partially responsible for these differences. Population of Women Number of Victims in Percent in Last 7 Months Last 7 Months 3 5 8 14 10 18 0. Population of College Women Number of Victims in Last 7 Months 17 24 41 37 18 59 Percent in Last 7 Months 0. It is useful to compare estimates with other general population or college women studies for several reasons. One of the most critical reasons is the ability to examine trends in the overall burden of rape in the U. Also, these comparisons provide some insight into annual trends in rape prevalence over time. This information helps us understand whether rape is occurring more or less often in the U. Estimates based on both of these sources have suggested meaningful decreases in the annual prevalence of rape during the past decade. It also excludes drug- or alcohol-facilitated rapes when force and penile penetration are not both present. Yet, a significant body of research demonstrates that many women who experience an unwanted sexual event that qualifies under the federal criminal code as a rape incident do not themselves label the incident as rape. As reported here, undetected rape cases are more likely to be committed by a known perpetrator. For this reason, comparisons can be made in estimates between the present study and each of these earlier studies. Screening questions do not require women to label an event as "rape" in order to qualify an event as a rape incident. Like the present survey, all three surveys were conducted using telephone interviews. These studies were designed, in part, to allow for direct comparisons of results and therefore great care was taken to ensure comparability in procedures to each of the other studies. Note that this represents the total percentage of women with a history of rape, and therefore does not necessarily reflect an annual increase in rape. This likely partially accounts for the increased percentages in Exhibit 8 within the general population sample. However, that lifetime prevalence also included cases that would be defined here as facilitated. Comparison of Forcible Rape Prevalence with Other Large-Scale Epidemiological Studies Large20 14. Further, past-year prevalence of rape is higher for all types among college women, likely due in part to cohort effects. Some percentages in Exhibits 10 and 11 are based on a small number of women within certain minority groups. This is inconsistent with earlier studies, where these three racial/ethnic groups had similar prevalence. Recall that this does not include all rape cases for these samples; only the most recent and first rapes were assessed for multiply victimized women. For general population women, 90% of cases included elements of force, whereas more than 1 in 5 cases involved alcohol or drug facilitation or incapacitation. In contrast, elements of force were present in only 72% of cases endorsed by college women, and drug or alcohol facilitation or incapacitation was present in nearly half of these cases. About one-fourth of those in each sample reported incidents occurring before the age of 12, with a relatively higher (28% vs. A higher percentage of forcible cases within the college sample occurred between ages Exhibit 15. Differences observed across the samples may be partially due to college women still being at risk due to their relatively younger age for future adult rapes which will shift the distribution over time. In the general population sample, relatives made up roughly 30% of all forcible Exhibit 17. In the college sample, classmates, friends, and boyfriends made up over 50% of forcible rapes (vs. Many of these differences between college and general population women may relate to age cohorts, as younger women tend to report different sets of rape characteristics than older women. Physical force, by definition, was highly prevalent in forcible rape cases (the remaining cases met criteria for forcible rape via presence of injury). Fewer cases involved serious injury among college women (Exhibit 22): 1 in 16 forcible rape cases vs. On average, verbal threat in the context of rape incidents was less likely to be reported by college women than by general population women. Exhibits 25 and 26 indicate that a low percentage of forcible rapes involved drugs or alcohol or both in the general population sample and in the college sample. Most involved alcohol only; 1 in 4 cases in the general population sample, and 1 in 6 cases in the college sample, involved both drugs and alcohol. As noted, the sedative class of drugs depicted here included tranquilizers, barbiturates, anti-anxiety medications such as Xanax, and pain killers such as Oxycontin and Percocet. Within the college sample, marijuana was the only drug reportedly used during forcible incidents. Two of the 3 incidents of stimulant drug use involved cocaine and 1, methamphetamine. Among the 4 incidents involving sedative use, 1 involved Xanax, 1 involved heroin, 1 involved Codeine, and 1 incident involved use of the herbal supplement Kava. Most incidents included reports of use of a single substance, however 1 case involved reported 36 this document is a research report submitted to the U. Thus, similar to findings in the general population sample, the majority of incidents involved use or misuse of prescription drugs rather than illicit drugs in cases in which it was a known substance. Social concerns (being blamed, family and others knowing) are roughly equal across both types of rape. College women also cited social concerns more than did women in the general population. Overall, fewer college women defined their incident as rape and more perceived the event to be a crime other than rape or an unpleasant incident compared to women in the general population. Finally, participants were asked how likely they would be to encourage reporting of each type of rape if a friend disclosed this type of incident in the future. What factors or changes were perceived as increasing the likelihood of reporting to police? All participants within the general population and college samples were also asked a series of questions about the degree to which provision of different types of education or services or policy changes might be effective in increasing willingness to report to police. Within the general population sample, 93% indicated that public education about acquaintance rape would be either somewhat (48. What percentage of rape victims consult with others about reporting the incident and what percentage are encouraged to report the crime? These questions were asked only of rape victims whose assaults were not reported by someone else. In both samples women indicated that they were encouraged to report forcible incidents about 56% of the time. Exhibits 35 and 36 show the percentage of rape cases in the general population and in college settings that are reported to police.
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